How to open the windows main menu. Menu and its types. What is a file system
Topic 1.3: System Software
Topic 1.4: Service software and algorithmic basics
Introduction to Economic Informatics
1.3. PC system software
1.3.5. Operating system Windows XP
The Windows XP operating system is a modern multitasking, multi-user 32-bit OS with a graphical user interface. The history of the development of Windows OS is described in the section
Operating systems of the Windows family are the most common operating systems installed in home and office PCs.
The graphical shell of Windows OS provides user interaction with the computer in the form of a dialogue using input and output to the display screen graphic information, managing programs using icons, menus, windows, panels (controls, tasks, tools) and other controls.
The main elements of the Windows graphical interface are: Desktop, Taskbar with the Start button. Since Windows uses graphical user interface, then the main program control device is the mouse.
Mouse manipulator
The mouse pointer is a graphic element that moves across the screen synchronously with the movement of the manipulator itself across the table surface. Typically, the mouse pointer is used to select menu commands, move objects, highlight text, etc.
The appearance of the mouse pointer on the screen depends on the operation being performed:
- when selecting an object, the pointer looks like an arrow pointing upward at an angle;
- in the document window, the pointer resembles the English letter I;
- If the operating system is busy performing some operations and cannot work with the user, the pointer is shaped like an hourglass.
To point to an object presented on the screen, you must move the mouse so that the tip of the pointer arrow is placed on top of that object. To select an object on the screen, you need to place the pointer on it and then press the left mouse button.
Click(short button press) is one of the main mouse operations. To perform this, quickly press and release the mouse button. Click to select an object in the program window, select the desired command in the menu, etc.
When you right-click Windows items, a context menu appears and you can get help for the items in the dialog box.
Double click produced when the mouse pointer is positioned over a specific object and is typically used to open a file.
Drag an object (Drag and Drop(drag, transport, move) is an operation that results in the location of an object changing.
To perform it, you need to place the pointer on the desired object (icon, folder, file), press the left mouse button and, without releasing it, move the mouse so that this object moves with it.
You can also drag an object with the right mouse button. After the mouse button is released, a context menu with a set of possible actions.
Basic elements of the Windows GUI
The main elements of the Windows GUI are:
- Desktop with pictograms.
- The taskbar, which contains soft buttons, indicators, and the Quick Launch Panel.
- Main menu (Start button).
- Context menu (displayed when you right-click on the selected object).
Working with Windows
A window is an area of the screen delimited by a rectangular frame. It displays the contents of a folder, a running program or document.
There are three options for displaying a window on the screen:
- a standard size window takes up part of the screen area. If desired, you can move it or any of its borders to another location on the screen
- a window maximized to full screen has a maximum size;
- a minimized window appears as a button on the taskbar.
The program continues to run in the minimized window. To open a minimized window or minimize an already open one, click the window button on the taskbar.
Windows can be classified by type:
- program window (folder window);
- document window;
- dialogue window;
- help window.
Program windows
Program windows are windows in which programs are displayed.
Operations on windows:
- Open and close a program window.
- Move.
- Resize windows.
- Search for a window.
- Arrange windows on the screen.
Elements of the program window:
- title bar (on the left is the system menu, on the right are buttons for switching display modes on the screen);
- menu bar;
- toolbar;
- Workspace;
- scroll bars;
- status bar.
Dialog boxes
Dialog boxes in Windows, used to set parameters and settings of the OS, hardware and programs.
Main elements of the dialog window:
- Tab.
- Button.
- Switch.
- Text field.
- List.
- List expansion button.
- Checkbox.
- Indicator.
- Slider.
Menu in Windows
Windows uses four types of menus (a menu is a list of commands displayed on the screen and offered to the user for selection):
- Main menu (opened by the Start button).
- Menu bar in application windows (all programs included in the standard Windows package have a menu bar).
- System menu in application windows (for changing window sizes and position).
- Context menu.
Working with files
All files, documents and programs in Windows are stored in folders. IN electronic folder, as a rule, they store files grouped by some characteristic, type, and other folders.
A folder is a container for programs and files in graphical user interfaces, displayed on the screen using an icon that looks like a folder.
Windows provides tools for managing files and folders. These tools include the program Conductor and window My computer.
The Explorer application is the main Windows tool for viewing files and folders stored on hard drives, floppy drives, and other storage media.
Explorer displays the hierarchical structure of files, folders, and drives on your PC. On the left side of File Explorer, Windows uses a hierarchical view of the folders, files, and other resources connected to your computer or network.
My computer – a program used to work with files and folders stored on computer disks.
My Network Neighborhood is a program used to work with network resources in the working group.
File and folder manipulation:
- Create a new file and folder.
- Naming.
- Renaming.
- Moving and copying.
- Delete.
- Recovery.
- Search.
- View and change properties of files and folders.
- Create a shortcut on the desktop (right-click, from Explorer, from the main menu, from the My Computer folder).
Setting up the Windows operating system
The OS is configured to create conditions for efficient work on the PC.
Settings tools can be divided into five groups:
- Input/output means (keyboard, mouse, printer).
- Setting up controls (taskbar, main menu, recycle bin).
- Setting up design elements (theme, desktop, screensaver, design, parameters).
- Setting up automation tools (automatically launching applications when you turn on the PC, launching applications according to a schedule).
- Setting fonts and other settings.
When installing or uninstalling programs on a computer, or changing components operating system and some software packages the appearance or disappearance of Main Menu items is inevitable. These changes to the Main Menu reflect changes in your ability to use your computer. Setting up the main menu will allow you to quickly navigate among installed programs and applications.
On Windows there are two Main menu view: the actual Start Menu and the Classic Start Menu, which differ in both external design, and in terms of functionality.
The easiest way to add an item to the Main Menu is to drag a program or document icon onto the Start button. The created item will appear at the top level of the Main Menu above the dividing line that separates standard items from those added by the user. If you need to set some properties of a shortcut, it is more convenient to right-click on an empty space on the Taskbar and select Properties from the context menu that opens. You can also give the command Start - Control Panel - Taskbar and Start menu. The Taskbar and Start Menu Properties dialog box opens. Select the Start Menu tab, switch the radio to Classic Start Menu, and click the Customize button. In the Customize Classic Start Menu dialog box that appears, click the Add button to launch the standard Create a shortcut wizard. The process of creating a shortcut will include the additional step of selecting a folder in the Main Menu in which the shortcut will be placed.
To delete a Main Menu item, the easiest way is to open this menu and right-click on the desired item. In the context menu that opens, select Delete. Another way is to open the Taskbar and Start Menu Properties dialog box, select the Classic Start Menu from the Start Menu tab, and then click Customize and then Uninstall. In the Delete Shortcuts and Folders dialog box, you must specify the item to be deleted.
Deleted Main menu items, just like others deleted files, are automatically placed in the Trash. By opening the Trash, you can cancel the erroneous transaction.
Since Main Menu items are shortcuts, changing the property of a Main Menu item means changing the property of the corresponding shortcut. To view or change the properties of a shortcut located in the Start menu, right-click on the desired item in the Start menu and select Properties in the shortcut context menu that appears.
As with creating a folder, simple way rename Main Menu item does not exist. To carry out this operation, you must resort to manual modification of the Main menu: Start - Control Panel - Taskbar and Start menu - Start menu tab - Classic Start menu - Customize button, in the Configure the classic Start menu dialog box that appears » Click the Manual button and in the Explorer window that appears, rename the desired Main Menu item.
Special Main menu meaning is that it is available at almost any time, regardless of what programs are running and what documents are open. Numerous windows can cover desktop objects and make it inconvenient to use folders, open documents and launch programs, while the “Start” button is always visible on the monitor screen. Navigation through the Main Menu items is performed by simply hovering the mouse pointer and then clicking on the “Start” button.
The main menu opens by clicking on the Start button located in the panel Windows tasks. If you want to use a modern and powerful version of the operating system, we recommend that you read the page Windows installation 7 and install OS. It contains icons of programs installed on the computer, a list of the most frequently used documents, and system folders. You can also access from the main menu Windows settings.
Depending on the version of the operating system installed on your computer, the Main Menu may have two different visual appearances: it can be displayed in the Windows XP style or in the “classic” style typical of Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows NT, Windows ME or Windows 2000.
At the top of the Operating Room Main Menu Windows systems XP contains the account name of the current Windows session. It is determined by the account you selected when logging in. The rest of the Main Menu space is divided into two functional fields: the left one displays shortcuts Microsoft browser Internet Explorer And mail client Outlook Express, plus shortcuts to five apps you use frequently. In order to launch any of these programs, just one click on the corresponding icon is enough.
At the very bottom of the Main Menu there are two buttons: End Session... (or Log Out), by clicking on which you can end the current session of working with Windows, and Turn Off Computer... (or Shutdown), which allows you to log out and turn off the computer.
To access shortcuts installed applications and system programs, you need to move the mouse cursor to the All programs (Programs) icon located at the bottom of the Main menu and hold it for a few seconds.
If in the version of the operating system you are using the Main menu has a classic visual presentation, you can access the list of programs by clicking on the Programs item located at the top of the menu. An additional menu will appear on the screen containing the actual program icons and program groups; the latter are displayed on the screen using a distinctive folder symbol, marked with a black arrow on the right. By placing the mouse cursor on the icon of a program group, you gain access to a submenu that contains shortcuts for this program group - subgroups of a lower order or the programs themselves. To launch any application from the Main Menu, you need to click once on the corresponding icon with the mouse.
What is the desktop > What is the taskbar
pomogu-vsem.ru
Hello, friends. Today, with novice users, we will look at the device of the Start menu in the Windows7 operating system and figure out how to configure it. The Start menu is the main means of accessing programs, applications, and computer settings. This menu can be accessed by clicking the Start button in the lower left corner of the desktop or by pressing the Windows logo key on your keyboard (almost every keyboard has one).
Start menu device
The Start menu consists of two panels.
The left panel contains shortcuts to the most frequently used programs, the All Programs menu, and the search bar.
Top part shortcuts in the left panel (it is separated from the rest thin line) is an area of pinned programs that are constantly present there, regardless of the frequency of their use. You can add icons of other programs to the pinned area or remove existing ones from it using the context menu of these programs.
At the bottom of the left panel there is a link to open the All Programs menu, which contains full list programs installed on the computer. To select programs in the list, you can use the vertical scroll bar or the mouse scroll wheel.
At the very bottom of the left panel is a universal search bar. Using this line, you can very easily and quickly access all programs, controls and settings of your computer.
The right panel contains buttons for navigating to various controls and system folders, as well as links to the main user libraries. In total, up to twenty elements can be placed in the right panel, but by default only the most necessary ones are presented here.
At the top of the right panel is the icon of the user who is logged in and his name. When you click on the icon, the “ Accounts users" and clicking on a user's name opens their profile folder.
At the bottom of the right panel is the Shut Down button, which you can click to shut down your computer. By clicking on the triangle to the right of the button, you can select one of the shutdown modes, as well as change the user.
Customizable Start Menu Right Panel Components
Documentation. When you select this link, the Documents library opens (a library is a collection of folders and files with similar content, collected from various locations). The Documents library, like other libraries, includes two folders: a folder with user documents and a folder with documents common to all users.
Images. The Images library opens.
Music. The Music library opens.
Computer. The “Computer” folder opens, containing icons of available disks, drives and other devices.
Control Panel. Control Panel opens, containing links to various items used to customize your computer.
Devices and printers. A system folder opens, displaying external devices connected to the computer and devices that can be connected to it. The computer itself also appears in this folder.
Default programs. The "Default Programs" folder opens. Here you can set the programs Windows uses to process files various types.
Help and support. The Help and Support window opens, allowing you to search for the help information you need.
If necessary, you can add the following items to the right panel of the Start menu: Administration, Videos, Homegroup, Run, Favorites, Recent Documents, Connect to, Network, TV Recordings, Downloads.
Customizing the Start Menu
In the Properties window, click the Customize button on the Start Menu tab, which will open the Customize Start Menu window.
The “Customize the Start Menu” window contains a list of Start menu items, the settings and display methods of which can be changed as you wish.
Most right panel items can be displayed in two ways, as a menu or as a link.
The Start Menu Size area, located at the bottom of the window, lets you change the number of frequently used programs that appear in the left pane of the Start menu.
The "Default Settings" button allows you to return to the original appearance of the Start menu.
That's all. I hope the article was useful to you. You learned how the Start menu is organized in Windows 7 and understood how to customize this menu to your liking to make working with your computer more comfortable. See you next time on the blog pages. Good luck!
If you have any questions about the topic of the article, please ask in the comments.
Best regards, Vladimir (Spectr-rv.ru).
spectr-rv.ru
What is the Windows context menu and how to call it
In order for the computer to understand the user, and the user to explain to the computer what he wants from him, there are elements such as menus (there are several types) and a graphical interface. We will devote this publication to one of the categories related to this topic - how to call the context menu in Windows and what it is.
A menu is an element of the Windows graphical interface
When people talk to each other, they do not think about the fact that the language of communication is one of the types of interface. In principle, the user, giving commands from a set of available lists, receiving requests from the OS, opening windows, using scroll bars, uses the graphical interface without thinking about what it is.
GUI
The concept of interface is quite broad. If we talk about the Context Menu (English) as a component of the graphical interface, then we should imagine it as an element of dialogue with the operating system (computer).
Calling
Context Menu is a list (list, set) of commands available to the user regarding some object. Now let's look at how the context menu opens. Before opening the context menu, you need to place the cursor (mouse) on some object (activating it). And after that you can call it in different ways:
- Right mouse;
- A combination of “Shift” and “F10”;
- Also, the context menu is called by pressing special button- it is located between “ALT” and “CTRL”.
The set of its commands can be different and depends on what object was called on (in which area of the screen):
Filling
The Context Menu is sometimes also called the “Explorer” or “Action” menu. Its appearance really does not depend on the object of the call, which cannot be said about the different content it contains with commands.
Compare the Context Menu invoked on the desktop:
with Context Menu called above the folder:
Do you feel the difference?
Conclusion - this set of possible actions depends on what type of object is applied to in a particular case (file, shortcut, folder, desktop, etc.).
Pay attention to the first picture - if a triangle-arrow is visible at the right end of the list line, this means the existence of a submenu in it (in this case, the submenu directory is the one that has opened).
Add Shift
If, when calling the Context Menu with the right mouse, we add to this the pressing of the “Shift” button, we will see a list that has increased from one to several lines (on the right). This sometimes gives additional convenience:
Finding a location
Since the Context Menu has a different set of commands for files and directories, its placement (and its settings) in the Windows Registry is different.
For directories, its place is here:
For files - already in another registry branch: in the “shell” and “shellex\ContextMenuHandlers” folders:
Setting it up
When new applications are added to the computer, the list is updated with new items and expanded. For some users, working with a window takes on a tinge of agony. Look:
In addition, someone might want to customize the list of right-click commands to suit their tastes and installed programs. Such reformation is carried out either manually, working with the Registry, or using third party applications. Our separate publication will be devoted to this topic.
From the same publication, you now know how to call the context menu, what it is, you got acquainted with the types, content, and location.
NastroyVse.ru
What is a context menu?
From this informational article you will learn how to call the context menu for any file, folder, shortcut, etc. using several different methods.
The context menu is a list of available commands that depend on the currently selected object. Folders, files, desktop or various programs that each user works with every day, almost all of them have a context menu that differs in the number of items, and therefore capabilities.
How to call the context menu?
To do this, you just need to right-click on the selected object, but using the Shift+F10 key combination brings up the menu of the currently active window, or simply press the context menu key (you can read about this key and other useful key combinations in this article).
If you right-click on the desktop in an empty space (with the right mouse button), a menu will appear with the sections available in it, and if you click on the file, then other sections will appear, and the shortcut will also have personal differences in the items, etc. .
This is actually what contextuality is all about, that is, the composition of the sections changes depending on the specific type of object.
Advanced context menu
To call it, hold down the Shift key and right-click on the selected object, which will cause the list to increase by several points, unlike a regular call.
In the example given, these differences can be observed. On the left screenshot there is a standard call with the right button on an object, and on the right screenshot there is an extended call, where a call tab has been added command line(cmd.exe).
When you combine the Shift key + right-click, the menu will always expand from one to several new items, which can be very useful in some cases. I would also like to draw your attention to the fact that some tabs have a small arrow on the right side; if you hover your cursor over it, an additional submenu will pop up with a list of additional tabs.
25. Windows. Main menu. Purpose of main menu items.
Main menu- one of the main control systems of Windows 98. It is distinguished by the fact that access to it is always possible. Opens using Start. Using the main menu you can:
Launch all programs installed under the OS or registered in it.
Open the latest document.
Gain access to all OS configuration tools.
Access the Windows 98 search and help system
Used to correctly shut down the system. before switching off nutrition.
The Main Menu structure includes two sections
Required
Arbitrary
Section items can be created arbitrarily, but there are also mandatory ones.
A mandatory section of the Main Menu has items
Programs
Execute
Ending a session
Shutdown
Favorites
Documentation
Settings
The “Programs” item provides access to a hierarchical structure containing pointers for launching applications installed on the computer. For user convenience, indexes are grouped into categories. If a category has an icon, it has nested categories. Indexes present in the Main Menu have the status of shortcuts, and their categories have the status of folders.
26. Windows. Installing and uninstalling windows applications. Equipment installation.
Several ways: Basic: using the Add/Remove Programs icon in the Toolbar folder (Start->Settings->Control Panel). Before installing a new application, you should close all open programs. Installation begins:. Add/Remove, then launches the installation wizard. Using “Browse”, find Setup exe ->Ready->follow the instructions. In many cases the computer. Should reboot. Removal is carried out by the same program. Equipment installation.Hardware connection- physical connection to the computer. Software connection- installing a software driver is an intermediary between the OS and the device. When installing the driver, the operating system allocates some resources to the new device and registers the device in the OS registry. If the device is self-installing (Plug-and-Play), after turning on the power, the message “Unknown device detected” appears, the OS begins to select a driver for it. Start->Settings->control panel->Hardware installation. Installation Wizard. The computer should be rebooted after installation to check for conflicts.
27. Archiving methods. Archivers such as rar, zip. Principles of information compression.
The volume of external computer memory is growing, but the need for archiving is not decreasing. The process of writing a file to an archive file is called archiving, and extracting a file from the archive - unzipping. The packed (compressed) file is called archive. Archiving information– transformation of information in which the volume of information decreases, but the amount of function remains the same. The degree of information compression depends on the type of function, as well as on the chosen packaging method. The degree (quantity) of compression of a function that is characterized compression ratios Kc, defined as the ratio of the initial volume to the initial volume of the function Vi, expressed in %. (Kc=Vc/Vi) The smaller Kc, the higher the degree of information compression. All information compression methods used can be divided for 2 classes: - packaging without loss of information (reversible algorithm); - packaging with loss of information (irreversible) In the first case, information can be accurately restored from the existing packaged information. In the 2nd case, the unpacked product will differ from the original one. Currently, many lossless algorithms have been developed, but they use 2 ideas: 1. based on symbol frequencies, developed by Huffman in 1952. Based on the fact that the frequency of characters in the text is different. According to the method, frequently occurring characters are encoded with short sequences of bits, and rarer characters are encoded with long sequences. Each compressed archive is accompanied by a table of symbol correspondence and correspondence codes for letters and symbols. 2. It consists of using the fact that a message often contains several identical bytes in a row, and some sequences of bytes are repeated many times. When packing, such places can be replaced with a command like “repeat this byte n times” or “take part of the text for n bytes that occurred m bytes ago.” This archiving algorithm is called RLE - coding by taking into account coding. The sequence packed by this method consists of control bytes followed by one or more bytes of data. Method used mainly for file compression: BMP, PCX, TIF, GIF. RLF – low compression ratio for files with a small number of repeating bytes. Archive file (archive) is represented by 1 or several files compressed into a single file, from which they can be extracted in their original form. The archive contains: a table of contents, which allows you to find out what files are contained in the archive. The archive table of contents contains information about the file: - file name, - information about the directory in which the file is contained, - date and time, - file size on disk and in the archive, - cyclic control code. The default extensions for the archive file are set to the name of the corresponding archiver program. For archiving, a packaging program is used: RAR, ZIP, ARJ, WINZIP, WINRAR. WINZIP, WINRAR. Important features of the archiver: 1. Creation of multi-volume archives with the ability to set an arbitrary volume size. 2. Create a password to access the archive. 3. Creation of self-extracting SFX archives. Information compression. To reduce the size of multimedia files, a compression procedure is used. Under compression understand the transformation of information, as a result of which the original file is reduced in volume, and the amount of information in the compressed file is reduced by an amount that can practically be neglected. Several standards for compressing video and audio information have been developed. The greatest influence on the development of multimedia is exerted by MPEG - a joint committee of organizations - the International Standards Authority (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). This committee developed standards with the same names.
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24. Main menu in Windows. Main Menu structure and commands, purpose
The Windows main menu opens by clicking the Start button and provides access to all the main tools and applications on your computer. If you install a new program on your computer, its name usually appears in the Main Menu in the “Programs” item, from where this program can be launched. The content and structure of the Main Menu can be adjusted quite widely. You can move through menus and submenus faster. It is not necessary to go through all menu items using arrows. You can press the hot letter of a menu item. This can be a specially defined hot letter, which is underlined in the name of the menu item. Otherwise, the first letter of the menu item name will be hot if there is no specially defined hot letter. Unfortunately, accelerated search is not always possible for names starting with Russian letters. At a minimum, for this, Russian must be installed on the computer as the default language
25. Control panel in Windows OS. Purpose, composition.
The control panel is a tool for configuring the operating system. It consists of groups of tools divided by purpose.
1.Equipment setup.
2.Configuring the interface.
3.Software setup.
4.Tools embedded in the software equipment production control panel
Administration-group within the control panel provides access to the operating system settings including all other settings groups. You can access the settings using (via) the property command in the context menu of the corresponding system objects. The system folder network environment allows you to configure network equipment. For making settings in the Windows operating system, starting from the NT family, has organizer rights.
26. The concept of a menu, types of menus in Windows, working with menus
Menu-list of commands.
1.Main menu(Start) - there are commands that correspond to certain operations (setup, help). Using the main menu, you can launch all programs installed under the operating system or registered in it, open the latest documents with which you worked, gain access to all tools operating system settings, as well as access to Windows search and help systems.
2.System menu-this menu freely allows you to manage your computer, administrative functions, manage disks (formatting, cleaning, checking), running utility and standard utilities, it allows you to easily navigate local disks, just like this is done from Explorer.
3.Service menu- allows you to control the size and location of the window on the Desktop, called by clicking the cursor on the system icon. 4. Context menu - a set of commands that the OS selects for the user in a given situation for the selected object (called by the right mouse button).
27. Text editors and processors. Purpose and types of text editors.
1st three positions: symbol, words, line. 1st type of text editor programs that allow you to work with text encodings of the ASCII table, 2nd UNICOD. ASCII encoding 1 byte. UNICOD containing 2 bytes.
1. The simplest editor. They can only change text, do not support formats and are based on screen or system fonts.
2. Special text edited for writing programs. The functionality necessary for various programming languages is added.
3.Text editors with the format of the text in paragraphs, words and symbols. The document will be perceived as text.
4.Text editors with graphics support (graphic objects are text elements)
5.Documents will be displayed both as I see and as I print WYSYG.
a) separation;
b) graphic objects
c) table.
Its name is word processors.
6.Desktop publishing systems (2000-XP).
28. The concept of an electronic document in Windows OS. Types of electronic documents.
A document file associated with Windows applications.
A Word doc cannot always be a Windows doc, only after saving.
Types of electronic documents: txt, doc, rtf, html.
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