Automatic telephone exchanges - automatic telephone exchange. Telephone exchanges and networks Classification of automatic telephone exchanges

The first telephone conversation in our country took place in 1879 between St. Petersburg and Malaya Vishera. The introduction of Russians in mass order to telephone communications began with the Highest approval “On the arrangement of city telephones”, received from the Cabinet of Ministers on September 25, 1881.

A wise statement relieved the state of responsibility for a new troublesome business. It stated that the construction and operation of urban telephone networks in Russia could be transferred to private companies for up to 20 years, after which all structures and buildings within the framework of the telephone business became the property of the state. But up to this point, as long as telephone services were being provided, the license holder would have deducted a small share to the state treasury - 10% of the private sector subscription fee and 5% of the fee collected from state and public institutions.

The concession for the construction and operation of the city telephone network in St. Petersburg, as well as in four other cities of Russia, was held by the international telephone company Bella.

The first St. Petersburg telephone exchange was opened in July 1882 at 26 Nevsky Prospekt, in the Ganzen House. At the time of opening, it served only 128 subscribers within the city, including Ludwig and Alfred Nobel, the Copper Rolling Pipe Plant, as well as the Hooke factory and office, banks, newspaper editorial offices, the Baltic Railway Board, many government agencies, but already in the fall of that the same year, their number increased to 259. The delays were due to the fact that the City Duma and private homeowners were reluctant to allow wires to be pulled along racks through the roofs of houses. In addition, the first noble subscribers en masse moved from city apartments to summer cottages and in their absence it was forbidden to install a telephone.

Moreover, “installing a telephone” meant building a small farm weighing more than 8 kg. Each subscriber's apartment was equipped with: Gileland's electrical signaling device, Black's microphone, Bell's telephone and the Leklange element. Quite a "restless economy", imperfect and inconvenient to use. The microphone was on the bottom panel, which is why the speaker was forced to bend in three deaths. And when removing the phone from the lever, it was also necessary to fiddle with this lever with your hand - to make sure that it was raised. The first subscribers sighed and complained about the imperfection of technology. Their phones broke down and needed to be repaired or replaced.

In the early years, the telephone was extremely expensive. And the subscriber base - both in St. Petersburg and in Moscow, grew at the expense of those who could afford to lay out 250 rubles a year. Unheard of money, if a luxurious ferret coat in the most expensive fur store cost 85 rubles. In cases where the telephone set was removed from the central telephone exchange by more than three versts, the subscriber paid extra 50 rubles for each verst in addition to the subscription fee. Oh dear.

It's a pity no one kept statistics then telephone conversations. But almost all of them were of a business nature. The importance of conversations dictated increased demands from the very first days of telephonization. Requirements for services and those who provided them.

A historical anecdote: having just stretched the wires, men were the first to be called to work in telephone companies. But they ... "did not pull." It turned out that men are easily distracted by extraneous things, and also often swear - among themselves or even with clients! Communication break.

The first "telephone ladies" were educated, patient and polite. Young - from 18 to 25 years old, and not married - "so that unnecessary thoughts and worries do not lead to errors when connecting." Even the "tactical and technical" characteristics of telephone operators were strictly regulated: tall at that time (from 165 cm) and body length in a sitting position with arms outstretched up at least 128 cm. The salary was paid enviable - 30 rubles a month (skilled the worker received at that time about 12 rubles a month). But such work did not fit into the measured and quiet way of life of the 19th century. In 1891, a correspondent for the Electricity magazine sympathetically lists the professional hardships of telephone young ladies: "Nervous attacks often forced a poor woman to give up her place after some one and a half months after such a difficult admission to an open vacancy." Lev Uspensky in the notes of an old Petersburger was nostalgic: “The young lady could be asked to give a conversation as soon as possible. The young lady could be scolded. With her it was possible - in the late hours, when there were few connections - to start a heart-to-heart conversation, even flirting. It was said that one of them so captivated with a sweet voice either a millionaire or a grand duke that she “provided for herself for life.”

An interesting fact is that the call to the telephone operator was carried out using a telephone, on which there was neither a disk nor buttons. Technologically, it looked like this: the subscriber rotated the handle of the inductor, which actuated a small generator and gave a voltage of 60 volts, it went through the wires of the telephone line to the switch. At the same time, the blender, the calling valve, automatically opened on the switchboard, at which the telephone operator was sitting. It was necessary to say something like this: "Young lady, Millionth, eight-two." This meant that the girl had to plug the plug on the other end of the cord into the seventeenth socket of the second row on the panel to which the apparatuses of the Millionnaya district were connected. The girl connected subscribers or turned to a neighbor who served the area where the required number was located. The telephone operators already knew by heart all the phone numbers, who is who. After that, the young lady inserted an interrogation plug into the called subscriber's socket and called her personal number, since the surname could be difficult to pronounce. The subscriber specified the addressee. Now the second plug was inserted into the called number socket. So the connection of subscribers was carried out. The called addressee began to hear a ring in the telephone set. Then the telephone operator, having made sure that there was a connection, people were talking, put the key in a neutral position and was ready to accept the next call.

After talking on the phone, the subscriber again had to rotate the handle of the inductor, and then the kick valve worked on the switch. It opened, which served as a signal for the telephone operator - you can disconnect, the conversation is over. This profession in those days was considered very responsible. It was necessary to pass a special selection and give a non-disclosure notice of the secrets of personal conversations. In addition, when hiring telephone operators, another condition was set: they could marry only communications workers, so that there was no information leakage.

When on duty, signalmen of that era must be dressed in closed dresses of dark colors. Working at a manual telephone exchange required concentration, good diction. In the same time this species professional activity was considered hazardous production.
To call outside the city network, the subscriber needed to tell the telephone operator the city and number. The conversation was ordered and waited. Such switches were called local battery or "MB".

The girls were constantly in a state of extreme concentration. Such tension and attention is not like the tension when reading Fet's poems or playing music at home. Telephone operators quickly got tired, which led to connection errors. The work of the “telephone lady” was difficult - 200 hours a month she had to sit on a hard chair with an iron microphone headset fixed on her chest, heavy headphones and quickly get the plugs into the cells of the switch that stood in front of her. Up to 170 calls could be made in an hour (excluding “sorry - busy”), but the work was worn out. Important subscribers, who paid serious money, were indignant and complained.

By the time of the transition in November 1901 of the city telephone to the jurisdiction of the St. Petersburg Council, there were two telephone exchanges in the city with a total capacity of 4375 numbers.

The first automatic telephone exchange in Leningrad (now the Petrograd telephone exchange) was put into operation on October 1, 1932. If this hadn’t happened, we would still be picking up the phone, twisting the knob and shouting into the phone: “Young lady, please give me the number 2-56!”

Telephone network, a complex of technical structures and equipment intended for telephone communication and consisting of telephone communication centers, telephone exchanges, communication lines and subscriber installations. A subscriber station is a telephone set equipped with a rotary dialer or keypad, or having a so-called auto-dial. Telephone network communication lines can be air, cable, radio relay, optical (laser) and satellite. In order to effective use lines in them with the help of compaction equipment create a certain number of typical communication channels of voice frequency (300-3400 Hz). At telephone exchanges and nodes, lines and communication channels are switched, and telephone message flows are combined and distributed.
According to functional and structural features telephone network are subdivided into local (rural and urban), intrazonal, zonal, intercity and international. Rural ones are built according to the so-called radial-nodal principle, terminal telephone exchanges (each with a capacity of 50-200 numbers) are interconnected through a node station (US), and nodal stations through a central one that has access to an automatic long-distance telephone exchange (AMTS). City ones are non-zoned (if there is one telephone exchange in the city) and zoned (if there are several of them). With a small capacity of the latter (up to several tens of thousands of numbers), district automatic telephone exchanges (RATS) are interconnected according to the principle “each with each”, and any of the RATS has access to AMTS. In the big ones telephone network(with a capacity of several hundred thousand numbers and more) it is expedient (as a means of increasing the efficiency of using communication lines along with their compaction) to organize the so-called nodes of incoming and outgoing messages, through which RATS go to ATE.
The telephone network is a collection of local and intrazonal telephone networks. The long-distance telephone network is a set of ATEs of all zones, automatic switching nodes (ASN) and communication lines connecting them to each other, ASN is designed to carry out transit connections of long-distance channels and organize bypass routes. In a telephone network built on a radial-nodal principle, with sufficiently large flows of telephone messages between individual telephone exchanges, so-called transverse communication lines are created. The introduction of ASN and SS makes it possible to significantly reduce the number of transverse lines required to pass through the telephone network all incoming telephone messages in a given direction and with a given quality of service.
International Telephone Network - a set of international ATEs, automatic transit nodes for international, including intercontinental, communications and lines connecting them to each other.

Main directions of development telephone network- increasing the level of automation of the processes of establishing connections at telephone exchanges and nodes; the introduction of automatic telephone exchanges and ASNs that do not require constant maintenance - quasi-electronic (in which control devices are built on elements of electronic technology, and switching of communication lines is carried out by small-sized high-speed telephone relays , for example, relays on reed switches) and electronic; creation of automated dynamic control systems. The latter include devices for displaying, monitoring and correcting the state of the network, which, using address information (by the number of the called subscriber), should find the best ways to establish connections in the network. Microelectronics and electronic control machines are being introduced into telephone technology.

telephone exchange, a complex of technical means intended for switching communication channels of the telephone network. At the telephone exchange, certain telephone channels are connected - subscriber and connecting communication lines - for the duration of telephone conversations and their separation at the end of negotiations; for this purpose, the unification and distribution of telephone message flows in the directions of communication is carried out. Telephone exchange- type of communication node. Usually telephone exchange placed in a special building.
According to the method of switching, the telephone exchange is divided into manual (RTS) and automatic (ATS). RTS Equip telephone switches; channel switching is performed by a telephone operator. Automatic telephone exchanges, depending on the type of switching devices used, are: machine and decade-step - built on searchers electromechanical, respectively with machine and electromagnetic drives; coordinate, in which the switching devices are multiple axis connectors; quasi-electronic with switching carried out by high-speed electromagnetic switching devices, such as reed relays; electronic, for example, with switching by means of semiconductor devices (such automatic telephone exchanges are under development). PBXs operating in telephone networks of various types differ significantly both in structure and in algorithm work. This difference can also take place within a telephone network of the same type: for example, in urban telephone networks, regional exchanges, nodes of outgoing and incoming messages (UIS and U VS) are used. At the initial stage of development telephone connection telephone networks used exclusively RTS. In the 20th century the process of automating telephone communications began: automatic telephone exchanges appeared, which improved with the development of switching technology. Automation of switching processes made it possible to speed up the establishment of connections, improve the quality of customer service, reduce operating costs, contributed to the rational construction of telephone networks of any capacity, made the decentralization of equipment economically justified (it can partially be located in separate buildings, forming the so-called substations and concentrators), zoning of telephone networks networks, etc.)

The construction of a public telephone network consists of the following main parts:

subscriber telephone sets;
automatic telephone exchanges;
trunk and subscriber communication lines.

Additional devices can also be included in the network.

In Russia, the principle of telephone communication with a central battery is used; in this case, power is supplied by an autonomous source installed on automatic telephone exchange (ATS). Subscriber telephone sets (ATA), as a rule, do not require their own power supply. The central battery on a PBX is powerful battery, voltage 60-120 V. This battery must ensure the operation of both the automatic telephone exchange itself and the entire telephone network for at least 125 hours. This is necessary to prevent communication disruption during technological disasters, emergencies, natural phenomena, military and terrorist actions.

Trunk communication lines are used to transfer information between PBXs, access to other networks and provide additional services, subscriber lines are located on the site from the telephone exchange to each subscriber in special wells and trenches, as well as inside buildings.

For the convenience of repair and development of the network, approximately 20 to 30% of additional subscriber communication lines are used.

Public telephone networks use two methods of dialing: pulse and tone.

Tone dialing is more advanced, it allows you to reduce the dialing time by dozens of times, provides additional service capabilities, is more noise-resistant, therefore, in all modern PBXs, as a rule, the tone dialing method is used. And pulsed was introduced into them only to maintain the operation of outdated telephone sets.

The principle of tone dialing is to briefly simultaneously apply two frequencies from set 1 and 2 to the line, four frequencies in each set, therefore, 16 combinations can be selected.

f - frequency.

Classification of automatic telephone exchanges

The main task of any PBX is to perform switching (connection) between two subscribers or groups of subscribers. PBX classification performed in two main ways:

1) by switch type;

2) by the way they are managed.

Decade-stepping automatic telephone exchanges were produced from 1947 to 1960.

Coordinate ATS - 1960-1993

Quasi-electronic exchanges - 1982-2003

Electronic PBX - since 1990.

Decade-step exchanges are built on electromechanical type stepper finders, when, depending on the number of received pulses, the movable contact is connected to one of the ten movable contacts.

Coordinate ATS were built on electric tablet coordinate installations (EPKU), which were a field containing ten columns and ten rows.

at the intersection exits - contacts

With the help of the EPCU, the movable contact could be connected to one of the hundred output contacts, where N is the column number, M is the row number.

Pivot exchanges had an advantage over decade-step exchanges, since it took less time and fewer connectors to complete the connection.

Quasi-electronic exchanges were built on hermetic contacts, the so-called reed switches, with electrical control of these contacts (there were no mechanical components and contacts in them). All switching and necessary commutations were performed using microelectronic devices.

At present, the percentage of automatic telephone exchanges in railway transport:

decade-step - 20%;
coordinate - 30%;
two-electronic - 20%;
electronic - 30%.

Electronic automatic telephone exchanges have the following advantages compared to others:

high reliability of work;
high connection speed;
no communication noise;
the possibility of providing additional services;
low operating costs.

Disadvantages of electronic PBX:

high cost of equipment;
high qualification of service personnel.

Today's youth cannot imagine life without cell phone. It seems to the generation of the 1970s and 1980s that the telephone has always existed: a landline telephone, a pay phone, which were then smoothly supplemented, and in some cases even completely replaced by mobile phones.

In fact, telephone communication in Moscow has existed for a very long time. So, on July 13, 2017, MGTS celebrated its 135th anniversary. The MGTS team celebrated the anniversary with an unusual record. On July 13, 2017, about 1.5 thousand employees of the company took part in a flash mob: they lined up in the form of the company logo and simultaneously took several thousand selfies, which were then published in in social networks with hashtags #firstevcity and #followmgts. Over 200,000 people saw these photos in the first 15 hours. The representative of the Book of Records of Russia registered a Russian record in the nomination "Company logo built from the largest number of employees."

In addition, for its anniversary, the company launched a special site 135.mgts.ru dedicated to the joint history of Moscow and its first telecommunications company. We at Banki.ru got acquainted with the history of MGTS and communications in Moscow in general and chose the most interesting and significant facts from 135 years of its existence.

It all started on July 13, 1882, when the first telephone exchange in Moscow and Russia was officially opened. Client base totaled 26 three-digit numbers. The telephone was a luxury product, one number per year cost 250 rubles, almost like three fur coats from a ferret, nevertheless, a year after the opening of the subscribers, there were already 371, and in 1889 the number of connected customers exceeded one thousand.

In 1903, Emperor Nicholas II arrived in Moscow on the occasion of the launch of a telephone line in the Moscow Kremlin, where Ericsson presented him with a telephone with an ivory handset. In the same year, the first telephone booths appeared in Moscow. Interestingly, the cable is supplied by an enterprise with the unusual name "Gold and Silver Drawing Factory", which is run by the same Konstantin Stanislavsky (he was the grandson of the factory's founder, Semyon Alekseev). By the way, Konstantin Sergeevich himself, already in his theatrical activities, often used the telephone, forcing the actors to read the roles to him over and over again on the phone, repeatedly repeating the signature “I don’t believe it!”.

In 1916, at the height of the First World War, despite the difficult times, telephone communications in Moscow continued to work and develop. There are 3.7 telephone sets for every 100 Muscovites, and the largest telephone network in Europe with 60,000 numbers is being put into operation. Before the advent of the automatic telephone exchange, the connection was established by telephonist girls, who were also called "young ladies". The work was considered very honorable, only girls with a height of at least 155 centimeters (so that they could reach the top switches) with a pleasant voice and, of course, unmarried were taken to it. After all, sometimes I had to work the night shift, which was considered unacceptable for married ladies in those days.

With the advent of the revolution of 1917, communication was interrupted for a while, but began to resume already in March 1918. At the same time, the well-known abbreviation "MGTS" appeared. At first, enterprises and institutions are provided with communications, then the network of telephone booths expands. It was allowed to install telephones in apartments only from 1921. By the way, radio was also connected to Muscovites via MGTS telephone wires.

In 1930, the first automatic telephone exchange (ATS) was located in the building at Bolshaya Ordynka, house 25. By the way, the first automatic telephone exchange served 70 years. What was the reason for entering the station in the Guinness Book of Records. The first ATS was closed in 1998.

In 1932, the information service "09" appears, and the famous Time Service "100" begins its work in 1937. By the way, the number is still active, and despite the abundance of all kinds of gadgets, it still calls 1.5 million people a year.

During the Great Patriotic War, despite the bombing and the approach of enemy troops to Moscow, communication was not interrupted, although half of the equipment still had to be dismantled and evacuated. The evacuated equipment returned to Moscow in 1944.

After the war, the telephone network is undergoing rapid growth, in connection with which in 1968 all six-digit numbers are replaced by seven-digit ones, since the old capacity is no longer enough.

Moscow welcomed the 1980 Olympics with a four-language (English, French, German and Spanish) help desk "09". In addition, 80,000 additional telephones and 350 payphones are being installed in the city.

With the advent of a market economy, the need for communication has only increased. In 1990, the Comstar joint venture was created, which installed 100 coinless international telephones in Moscow. In 1991, the first mobile network appeared, built by the Moskovskaya cellular and Ericsson. In the next year, 1992, cellular operators Beeline and MTS. The first networks of operators began their work in Moscow.

A little later, other mobile operators begin their work in the regions. On June 17, 1993, the company CJSC North-West GSM was established. This date is considered to be the birthday of the MegaFon operator. The operator will come to Moscow only on November 21, 2001.

Tele2 is the latest operator to enter the Moscow market. The official launch of the operator's networks in Moscow took place in October 2015, making Tele2 a federal player.

The rapid growth of cellular, fixed and Internet networks has led to the fact that Muscovites now live in the most developed city in Europe in terms of telecom infrastructure. Stationary and mobile connection, The Internet has evolved from a luxury to a necessities. Communication is everywhere: a mobile gadget in your pocket, the Internet at home, at work, in transport, in cafes and restaurants. Quality is getting better, speeds are getting higher, gadgets are getting more complex.

The future is interesting and rich. But there is no future without a past. It's good that round dates give us a reason to remember history and look at the time when it all just began.

FIRST AUTOMATIC TELEPHONE STATION IN MOSCOW

(Bolshaya Ordynka, No. 25)

Directly opposite Bolshoy Tolmachevsky Lane stands the building of the first Moscow automatic telephone exchange. It was opened on November 6, 1927 - just on the eve of the tenth anniversary of the Great October Revolution. At that time, constructivism dominated in Soviet architecture - "the style of iron, concrete and glass." In 1920, the famous avant-garde artist V.E. Tatlin worked on a model of his famous tower - a monument to the Third International. This peculiar visiting card of constructivism, according to the author, was made of "iron, glass and revolution". In 1927, three more telephone exchanges were erected in Moscow - on Bakuninskaya, 3rd Tverskaya-Yamskaya and Arbat. The author of the project, who supervised their construction, was engineer V.V. Patek. The building on Bolshaya Ordynka became a pioneer in the development of the Moscow city telephone network.

But even before the opening of the automatic telephone exchange, the history of the Moscow telephone is rich in events. In 1882, the first telephone exchange appeared in Moscow in the house of a merchant of the first guild K.A. Popov on the Kuznetsky Most. Only the most famous and richest people could afford to have a telephone number at that time. The first subscriber list of twenty-six numbers included the Moscow Insurance Company, leading Moscow theaters and famous restaurants. The newspaper “Kommersant” in the article “Telephonizer” gives an interesting comparison: “The subscription fee was exorbitantly high - 250 rubles, a fortune at that time. For comparison: in the fashionable Fur store, a raccoon coat could be bought for 65 rubles, and a ferret coat, one of the most expensive, for 85 rubles. But this did not stop the owners of the first phones, because having a fashionable curiosity was a sign of wealth and prosperity. The names of the first subscribers were printed in newspapers on the front pages, and getting on these pages was considered more prestigious than in the gossip column.

The emergence of telephone exchanges significantly changed the face of Moscow: telephone racks appeared, wires were stretched between houses. A real web of wires twisted near Popov's house. At first, men worked in the telephone companies, but (amazing thing!) They often argued with each other and were distracted by extraneous matters. Then the famous “telephone ladies” came to replace the men. Having stuffed a bump on men, the managers of the telephone exchanges subjected the girls to a strict selection. Candidates had to have a pleasant voice, be young (from eighteen to twenty years old), polite, educated and patient. However, they also received a serious salary - thirty rubles! For comparison: a skilled worker was content with only ten to fifteen rubles.

Writer L.V. Uspensky, in one of his essays, not without nostalgia, recalled the time of the “telephone young ladies”: “Those first telephone sets - produced by the Ericsson factory - from our current point of view would seem to be unusual fears. They hung heavy, painted in walnut, like elaborate birdhouses. Their microphone stuck out forward almost half a meter. He had to speak by breathing into his bell, which was carefully closed with a copper mesh, and the sound reached the ear through a heavy tube, which, quite separately, had to be put to him by hand. And there were two buttons - the left "a", the right "b".

Telephone lady. Photo of the beginning of the 20th century.

The left one had to be pressed, calling numbers up to 39,999; right - if the number you need began with a four. The young lady answered. The young lady could be asked to give a conversation as soon as possible. The young lady could be scolded. With her it was possible - in the late hours, when there were few connections - to start a heart-to-heart conversation, even flirting. It was said that one of them so captivated with a sweet voice either a millionaire or a grand duke that she "provided for herself for life."

The history of the invention of automatic dialing is interesting and funny. Inventor Elmon Strowger had nothing to do with telephony. In 1892, he was the owner of a funeral home in Kansas City. Due to the intrigues of competitors, Strowger suffered huge losses. The fact is that the wife of the owner of another funeral company worked as a telephone operator at the city station. She directed all of the funeral home calls to her husband. Strowger, not accustomed to giving up, chose the most difficult path. He did not go to the prefecture or court to complain about the dishonesty of a competitor and his wife, but simply came up with a system that allows each subscriber to independently connect to the desired number directly from home, without intermediaries. He rashly called his invention "No dames'n'damns telephone", which translates approximately as "A telephone without young ladies and curses." Strowger is also considered the inventor of the dialer in the form of a rotating disk, which was used in every Soviet family some twenty years ago.

The transition to the automatic system in Moscow took place in stages. First, in 1924, an experimental decade-step exchange for a thousand numbers was installed with a capacity of one hundred numbers. The first Moscow automatic telephone exchange was preceded by the construction of an automatic telephone exchange in Rostov-on-Don in 1926. But in Moscow, the palm belongs to the Bolshaya Ordynka. For the construction of automatic telephone exchanges, a special construction organization was created - the Office of the Chief Engineer for Regionalization of MGTS. The telephone exchange building was built from monolithic reinforced concrete structures. Its architectural image was deliberately given the features of industrial buildings. Complete installation of equipment at the station was completed in October 1930. ATS began to serve government agencies and industrial enterprises of Zamoskvorechye. The first stations built in Moscow - at Bolshaya Ordynka, Bakuninskaya and Arbat - were like two drops of water. They had four floors, the first of which housed a vast lobby, intercity meeting room, telegraph and postal operations hall, the second - administrative offices, and the third and fourth - all kinds of equipment. The station on 3rd Tverskaya-Yamskaya differed from others in its architecture and layout, which was explained by the complex configuration of the site on which it was built. But the main rooms were the same as in all the others.

The first automatic telephone exchange. Photo from the 1930s

The first automatic telephone exchange. contemporary photography

The opening of the automatic telephone exchange on Bolshaya Ordynka became a real event in the life of Moscow and took place as a great celebration, in which several hundred people took part. People's Commissar of Posts and Telegraph N.K. Antipov said: "Automated telephone exchanges are the latest in telephone technology, and this is the latest being carried out in Moscow by Soviet power." After the speech, the representative of the builders solemnly presented the people's commissar with a symbolic silver key, to which the keys to the doors of the automatic telephone exchange were soldered. There was a whole special ceremony, almost theatrical performance. The People's Commissar entered the ATS building and made the first call to the Central Station, announcing that the Zamoskvoretsky communication center had been put into operation. Then the act of opening the station was signed.

Automatic telephone exchanges were subordinate to the branch departments of the management of the Moscow city telephone network. The volume of station and linear structures increased, the number of serviced territories increased. Therefore, five telephone centers were created: Central, Zamoskvoretsky, Miussky, Arbatsky and Baumansky. They dealt with the issues of operation, repair, current development of all types of structures located in the service area. Each node functioned as an independent enterprise, headed by a chief and chief engineer, but subordinate to the management of MGTS. At first, foreign specialists from large Western companies, such as Ericsson, were engaged in the maintenance of automatic telephone exchanges. But it was unprofitable for the country's leadership to have foreign engineers at such important facilities, and they had to pay too much salary. Therefore, a program was developed for the speedy training of domestic specialists, who at the same time learned to engage in "wiretapping" and control of telephone conversations in the interests of state security.

By the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, a dozen and a half automatic telephone exchanges with a total capacity of more than one hundred and twenty thousand numbers had been built in all districts of Moscow. The era of "telephone ladies" is over. In the 1960s, the total installation of telephones in Moscow began. People have been queuing to get a phone number for decades. In the same period, a network of street telephone boxes appeared in the capital. In 1968, the first coordinate exchange with a capacity of ten thousand numbers began work. The introduction of coordinate system stations has changed the existing proportions between the increase in capacity and the number of service personnel. By 1982, one hundred and fifty-three coordinate stations functioned in Moscow. In the late 1980s, the time of electronic PBXs came. They far surpassed their predecessors in terms of the quality of communication, speed of service, did not require a large number of personnel, and allowed them to provide many new services: from an alarm clock and call forwarding to conference calls.

Bolshaya Ordynka, No. 25, building 2. Modern photography

The Museum of the History of the Moscow City Telephone Network still has a functioning machine-type automatic telephone exchange. The first such automatic telephone exchange was built in 1930 in Moscow. It was dismantled only in 1998, when there were no such stations anywhere in the world. This station was listed in the London Guinness Book of Records for the longest work experience - almost sixty-eight years. Surprisingly, it still works. At present there are 537 automatic telephone exchanges operating in Moscow with more than 4 million subscribers. The Moscow City Telephone Network is one of the largest local telephone networks in the world.

The first automatic telephone exchange in Moscow continues to provide residents of Zamoskvorechye with telephone communications. In 1995, next to the automatic telephone exchange, a modern building was built (Bolshaya Ordynka, No. 25, building 2) with huge arched windows. If such a structure were erected near a small mansion, it would violate the nature of the historical environment and the scale of development. But next to a geometrically verified constructivist building, it looks quite organic. Thanks to the maintenance of the main horizontal articulations of the ATC facades and the use of details and colors, the new house has successfully blended into the historical ensemble. Until the recent renovation, the main facade of the telephone exchange looked more solid, and the beautiful inscription “Telephone” crowned the building.

State Musical College of Variety and Jazz Art. contemporary photography

Passing by the next building (Bolshaya Ordynka, No. 27), we will certainly hear the sounds of music coming from the windows. This is the State Musical College of Pop and Jazz Art - the only educational institution in Russia in the field of pop music. It was founded in 1994 on the basis of the pop branch of the Gnessin Higher State Musical College. GMCADI trains pop artists, leaders of instrumental and vocal ensembles, teachers.

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CHURCH OF ST. NICHOLAS IN PYZHY (Bolshaya Ordynka, No. 27a) Even if we did not take our walk, but hurried, for example, to work, then our gaze would certainly stop at the snow-white Church of St. Nicholas in Pyzhy. This is a real gem of Bolshaya Ordynka and one of

From the author's book

Church of the Intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos (Bolshaya Ordynka, No. 34, p. 13) Among the eleven buildings of the Martha and Mary Convent, the Church of the Intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos, designed by architect A.V. Shchusev in 1912. When laying the cathedral stone on May 22, 1908 (about

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Elizabethan Gymnasium at the Marfo-Mariinsky Convent (Bolshaya Ordynka, No. 36) Soon we will come to house No. 41, which belonged to Anna Timofeevna and Gennady Fedorovich Karpov. About this family we are waiting for a detailed conversation. But it just so happened that we were the first on the way

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THE HOUSE OF THE KIREYEVSKY-KARPOVS (Bolshaya Ordynka, No. 41) An excellent architectural ensemble with the church of the Iberian Icon of the Mother of God makes up the house of the Kireevsky-Karpovs of the early 19th century. This palace, with a pediment portico of six Corinthian pilasters, stands out from the smooth surface of the wall,

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ESTATE OF THE ELISEEVS-MINDOVSKY (Bolshaya Ordynka, No. 43) This house with a long facade will not leave anyone indifferent. It is surprising if only because it was lengthened over and over again along the red line of the Bolshaya Ordynka, and not deep into the courtyard. The first owners of the mansion were noblemen

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THE ARSENIEV HOUSE (Bolshaya Ordynka, No. 45) An outbuilding separates Mindovsky's mansion from the wonderful Arseniev house, beloved by the residents of Zamoskvorechye. The Arsenyevs are the oldest and most extensive noble family. For all bearers of this surname there is a wonderful book by the historian V.S.

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ALEXANDRO-MARIINSKY ZAMOSKVORECKOE SCHOOL (Bolshaya Ordynka, No. 47) But let us return again to Bolshaya Ordynka. We are waiting for the final leg of the journey. Remember, when we walked along Bolshoy Tolmachevsky Lane, we passed by the library named after K.D. Ushinsky. Now on

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CHURCH OF CATHERINE THE GREAT MARTYR, THAT IS IN THE VSE (Bolshaya Ordynka, No. 60) The Church of Catherine the Great Martyr, which is the last in the Vspole, only in order, but not in value. It is hard to believe that we will no longer see temples on the way. Our whole walk logically consisted of

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BRANCH OF THE MALY THEATER (Bolshaya Ordynka, No. 69) The Maly Theater is a phenomenon in Russian culture akin to the Tretyakov Gallery. And how good it is that the building of the Maly Theater crowns Bolshaya Ordynka, even if only its branch is located here. The special spirit of Maly, his philosophy and

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PHARMACY OF FERRAIN (Bolshaya Ordynka, No. 74) In 1880, first-class pharmacist and hereditary honorary citizen Karl Ivanovich Ferrein purchased the former estate of merchant Mark Nikitich Gusev to set up a pharmacy in it. The estate had an excellent location on the Bolshoi