Term. What is a domain and why is it needed. In simple words, what is a domain name and where to get it Viewing the history and purchasing freed names

In one of the lessons, I talked about what a domain name is and how to get one. He spoke casually, just to get at least some idea. But this topic requires more detailed analysis. This is really important!

The domain is the address of the site. This is a unique name on the Internet, opening which will open a specific site.

For example, the Internet resource on which you are currently located has the following address: site

That is, the site is the domain name of our site. By typing it, only our site will open and no other.

How to find out a domain name

To find out the domain name, that is, the address of a particular Internet resource, you need to look in the address bar of the browser when this site is open.

For example, I opened the Yandex website. To find out its domain name, that is, the exact address, you need to look in the address bar. This is what the address bar of my browser looks like:

And here is the address of Yandex. In my browser it is highlighted in a darker color:

That is, its address is yandex.ru

And here is the domain name of the Google site:

There is always a prefix before the domain name. That is some introductory part. Most often it is part of http:// or https://

Actually www is an abbreviation. The correct spelling for this part of the address is http://www.

That is, the full address of the Yandex site looks like this: https://www.yandex.ru

In principle, this is the same thing as with www, without. It can be said that this is the same address, just in two different spellings.

With these different spellings of the address (“without www” and “with www”), there are certain nuances that professionals in the field of creating and promoting websites need to know about. But we will not delve into this.

How to find out the address of a specific page of the site

Since the site is a set of pages, which, in turn, are sorted into sections (categories, headings), each page also has its own address. It is written immediately after the domain name and is separated from it by a slash (/).

In the classic view, the address of each page must have a .html or .htm part at the end, and it must consist exclusively of Latin letters. Instead of spaces, underscores or hyphens must be used, and numbers can also be used.

But now this is no longer so relevant, since the Internet in general and search engines in particular understand a variety of addresses. Therefore, the pages of the site can have Russian names, and include some characters, and be without any “tail” at all (without html, htm, php or something else).

In order to find out the address of a specific page of the site, you also need to look in the address bar of the browser when the page is open. For example, this is what you will see if you look at the browser bar right now:

The page address is located immediately after the domain name and is separated from it by a slash (/). That is, the address of the page you are currently on is domainnoe_imya.html

Since now most sites are “created” on control systems (engines), the page addresses are formed by these same systems. And in principle, it is not so important what they are: alphabetic, numeric, with different characters, with or without a “tail”.

It is also not necessary that the address of a particular page reflect its content. It used to be important, but it doesn't really matter now.

What are domain names

A domain name consists of two parts: the name itself and the domain zone.

The name itself is a word or several words that the site owner comes up with on his own.

For example, our site has the address site . Here is the word neumeka - this is how I wanted to name the site. That is, he came up with this word and registered such a domain.

A domain zone is a “tail” in the form of a dot with some set of letters. In my case, this is the ponytail .ru

There are not just a lot of domain zones, but very, very many. And there are more and more of them. You can talk for a long time about what they are and the principle of their formation. But it's better not to fill your bright head with this.

What you really need to know is that there are different levels of domains. The easiest way to explain this is this: there are domains with one dot after the name and with several.

With one dot, this is the address of our website:

With multiple dots, these are addresses that end in.od.am or moy.su and the like.

As a rule, such names are distributed free of charge by other sites (systems). For example, in the lesson "How to make a website for free" I talked about online designers. Let me remind you that these are systems with which you can get your own website for free and without much difficulty. So these systems give free domain names with a few dots.

Typically, domain names consist only of Latin letters, without spaces. But there are exceptions. For example, Cyrillic domain zones: rf, moscow, online, site, rus and others. In this case, the site address will be entirely in Russian (except for the http:// prefix).

Numbers and hyphens can also be used in the name.

Choosing a name for your site

The first thing to remember: no free domain names. By choosing such a name, you will ruin your site.

The second thing you need: decide on the domain zone. As I said, there are a lot of them. Let's dwell on this in more detail.

Domain zone

There are domain zones that have been used for a long time. For example, com, net, org.

There are special zones for sites of certain subjects. Example: gov (government), mil (military), edu (educational).

Available for websites of certain countries (regions): ru, by, kz and so on.

There are new domain zones for every taste. For example, shop, sport, moscow.

Of course, it's up to you to decide. But it makes sense when choosing a zone to listen to the advice of professionals:

It is better not to register names of the third level, that is, with two "tails" (ru.com, org.am, etc.).

The exception is the com.ua domain zone - this zone is for Ukrainian sites.

If your site is aimed at residents of a certain country, then it is better to register a name in the national domain zone.

For example, you want to create a website for a company that provides services in Minsk (Republic of Belarus). So, the name for this site must be chosen with a “tail” .by

If you are creating an international site, without a regional affiliation, then it is better to register a domain in the com zone.

For example, you are creating an information site about smartphones in English. That is, visitors to this site will not be from Russia, but from other countries. So, the name must be chosen with a tail.com

If you are creating a site in Russian, without regional affiliation, then it is better to register a domain in the ru zone.

For example, our website. Its visitors are Russian-speaking residents of different countries. Therefore, it is in the zone ru

Site name

Let's say you have decided on the zone. Now you need to choose a name for the site, that is, a word or several words that will be its address.

In fact, it is not so important what it will be. The main thing is to be. It's like with a phone number: it's not so important what it is, the main thing is that it is.

But still, it is better if the name is short, easy to remember, without numbers and hyphens, reflecting the essence of the site. But since each name is unique, that is, it can belong to only one site, there are not many short beautiful names left. You have to use ingenuity.

The principle is as follows: go to the website of the domain name registrar and select the address.

It doesn't matter which registrar's website you go to - there are a lot of them. The base is the same for all, only prices and ease of selection differ. Do not look at prices, because you will buy a domain on another site (with the most affordable prices), the main thing is convenience.

For example, you can choose an address for a site here.

Dream up. If the selected word is taken, add some letters to it. In general, try to choose a name that is pleasant both to the ear and to the eye.

Imagine how it will be written on a business card. Can a person accurately type it by ear (for example, if the address is dictated by phone).

Checking the domain name

Let's say you have chosen an address for your website. It suits you and you are ready to buy it. But before buying, you should check this name.

The fact is that the Internet has existed for a very long time, and along with it, domain names have also existed for a long time. Every day, thousands of different sites appear on the network and thousands are closed.

Each of them has its own name. This name needs to be renewed. That is, the name is bought not forever, but for a certain period, for example, for a year.

So when the site is closed and its name is not renewed, it becomes free after a while. As a result, any person will be able to register it, that is, buy it for their site.

Everything would be fine, but by buying such an address you can say that you are taking away its past. Search engines Yandex, Google and others know and remember the history of each name. And sometimes it is very difficult to get rid of this “burden”.

For example, you picked up a beautiful address, and earlier there was a site with prohibited information on it. For search engines, such an address is marked as "bad", and they ignore it. Having bought such a name for your site, it becomes invisible to search engines.

Or, let's say you have a site dedicated to aquarium fish. You buy a name for it that used to belong to an online TV retailer. Since search engines remember that TVs used to be sold at this address, you may have difficulty promoting information about fish.

Verification methods

There are several ways to validate a name. You can find out if it has ever been used and see what site used to be at that address.

Unfortunately, it is impossible to find out the “score” that the search engines have given this site. Even if it looked decent, and there was nothing illegal on it, the address could receive a “black mark”.

Unfortunately, this cannot be verified. Usually such things are recognized after the purchase and attachment of a new site.

So, method number one: check if the name was previously registered by someone.

For addresses in any domain zone. We check on the website whois.domaintools.com .

We print the domain name that we want to check (in full), and click on the "Lookup" button.

If there are no records, then everything is fine. So this address never belonged to anyone.

If there is a “Whois History” item with a certain number of entries, then this address already belonged to someone.

For addresses in the zone ru, su, rf. Such addresses can also be checked in the previous way, but more complete information can be obtained on the website whoishistory.ru.

True, for this you need to register, confirm the registration by e-mail, and log in to the system.

After that, enter the domain that you want to check without the domain zone - you need to select it in a separate box. Place a checkmark on "Exact Match", then a dot on "Through WHOIS History". After that, select some very old date (year two thousand) in the field "Date of registration (created)" - "since". And in the field "to" - today. Then click on the "Find" button.

If there are no entries, then this address has not been previously used.

If any record is found, this means that the given name has already been registered to someone before. You can also see more detailed information there (when, for whom, etc.).

Method number two: check if there was any site at this address before.

This is the registrar through which I personally have been ordering and renewing addresses for sites for many years. So far there have been no problems.

Many of the users are faced with questions about what domain names are.

They become especially relevant when users decide to create their own website.

Then different terms and definitions appear, in which it is necessary to navigate in order to understand the complete structure of the Internet space and the location of the created site in it.

Going straight to the point, we can say that the domain is the name of the site. It hides its ip address, which allows you to simply enter the name "primer.ru", and not the address of such a site - "102.104.105.0".

This is quite convenient, but if you go into details, there are many questions that will be covered later in the article.

What does a domain name mean

As noted above, the domain is the name of the site. The user is provided with a set of Latin letters, which he can call his resource.

It is this name up to the first dot that will indicate the address of his portal.

However, there are also difficulties associated with the fact that such names are already taken, then you have to change the values ​​\u200b\u200band select something that has not yet been reserved on a specific hosting or domain.

Note! Domain and domain name are synonyms and have the same lexical meaning, no matter which one is used.

A domain name is tied to a specific address on the network. It looks like 000.000.000.0. When switching to another server, the redirection remains.

This means that the technology makes it possible to use one site name, even if it is constantly transferred to different domains.

It was to preserve the unique name of the site that the domain name technology was developed.

It allows you to assign the name of the portal to a specific person and transfer it to different servers without losing the root ip address.

How a domain works

In order to understand the concept of a domain device, it is necessary to consider it from the very beginning with an example.

In order to make your site address unique, the developer must designate it.

To do this, it creates a non-web use name. Let it be called "primer".

After that, you need to attach or link a domain zone to the site name.

It will show in which territory the designated developer site is located.

In its finished form, it will be called "primer.ru".

Receives that during registration, the site "primer" received a domain name of the ".ru" category.

There are 2 main rules when recording a domain name:

• Zones that are included in the full site address are listed first to the left in the hierarchy.
• To separate the levels of domains, only dots are always placed between them.

If the site address "net.blog.primer.ru" is used, it will be considered in the following way:

• net– fourth level domain;
• blog– third-level domain, which includes the fourth-level domain net;
• primer– second-level domain, which includes domains 3 and 4 levels;
• en- the first-level domain, which includes all the levels described above.

The first hierarchical leveling is always the last after the dot separating sign.

Table of first-level domains intended for public use

Considering domain levels, it should be noted that they are international.

However, depending on their location, there are laws, established restrictions or rules in force in a particular territory of the state.

The first level domains are the highest in this chain of addresses.

There are geographically defined addresses, which include the designations of the country where these domains are used.

An example of such top-level domain zones can be:

• ru - RF.
• br - Brazil.
• cn - China.

In addition to geographically defined domain names, first-level domains, which have an international public purpose, are of particular polarity.

The table will list all available addresses:

Domain Name	Its public purpose
com	commerce
net	Network and network settings
org	Non-Profit Organizations
info	Information portals
biz	Business
name	Private portals where the names of the owners are used as a designation
aero	Aviation and its services
arpa	Internet infrastructure
edu	Educational system (primarily USA)
int	International companies
gov	Government
mil	Military structures
coop	Service organizations and cooperatives
Museum	Museums and persons involved in them
mobile	For mobile devices
pro	Specialists from different industries
tel	Automatic contact page generators
travel	Travel, tourism, resorts
xxx	Adult film industry

What are the domain levels

Parsing the hierarchy of domains, it is necessary to clarify their specific purpose.

From the previous section, it can be seen that first-level domains have either a specific public purpose or geographic location. It is from them that the name begins to be built.

Anything after them increases the number of subdomains, thereby increasing the number of domain levels.

This was clearly seen above using the example of the full address "net.blog.primer.ru", where reading from right to left will increase the hierarchy of the marked zone.

Experts distinguish 3 main zones:

• Root.
• Second level.
• First level.

Each row may include an additional number of domain names. At the same time, they will compose and separate according to the rules through a dot.

Note! Domains can be 3-4 levels. They are subdomains and do not enter the global network.

Root

It is also defined as zero. Its purpose is to separate other levels of domains.

In other words, all address entries must end with a dot at the end.

It turns out that systems were previously used when introducing levels of domains of the following type "primer.ru.".

Now the last zero domain is omitted, and today the address records have acquired the following form “primer.ru”, where the dot at the end after the first-level domain is no longer put.

It is also worth noting that recently appeared relative to the entire domain system and national domains can be used.

They use the designation not in Latin, but in the language of a particular country.

In Russia, you can now register the website address "example.rf". The use of national alphabets also makes it possible to simplify the appeal of domains and specific fixed addresses to them. However, all national sites also have an unreadable address, which is hidden behind the written in the official language.

Second level

This is the space left to indicate your site's own name. That it is the second level domains.

It turns out that the creator of the portal registers exactly the address on the network, and not just the name. It is worth noting that the prices for such portals during registration differ.

If you register a domain in the ".ru" zone, it will be much cheaper than the same one, but in the ".com" zone.

Basically, to register such a name on the network, there are special companies involved in the design of the names of site addresses.

The price depends on the choice on which the site of the first level will be located the necessary resource.

There are also rental systems that make it possible to use a second-level domain name on a monthly basis. However, in case of non-payment of the rent, the site will be disconnected from the network and immediately disappear from the search engine.

First level

The name of each site starts from this level. This can be misleading as the site is usually read from left to right.

However, to be precise in the mandatory addressing rule, the first level domain (with the exception of the root level domain, which is not counted and is null) always comes first, and then in descending order.

In each country, such addresses have a main “higher” level and are abbreviated with the name of their country.

This is interesting! Top level domain namesu", was originally assigned to the Soviet Union. It contains a large array of information from the late 80s to the mid-2000s.

Other levels

It is also worth noting that there may be others after the second-level domain. They should be listed separately. However, they do not have global significance.

And they exist inside second-level domains. Usually they are not registered and are not issued.

Users who own the site, having acquired the second-level domain "example" in the form of a name, can independently highlight the names of the third and fourth levels.

They themselves on their address allocate subspaces necessary to allocate one more address from the already registered one.

In other words, 3-4 level domains exist at the expense of the second-level domain and are its subspecies, which the site owner himself can single out independently.

Such sublevel numbers cannot exist without an officially registered name, the portal, which is a second-level domain.

Buying and registering a domain name

The situation with the purchase of a domain name has a number of features. First of all, it concerns jurisdiction and legislation.

There was a known situation with the creators of torrent sites, which were first present on the first level domain name ".ru".

However, after the tightening of Russian legislation, the copyright relationship began to block the resource. Therefore, in order to avoid blocking, developers had to transfer their resource to the “.org” domain, which has an international level.

Every country has official second-level domain name registrars. They have a permit and a license that gives them the right to carry out such activities.

It is from them that you need to purchase and register the name of the site.

In addition, official registrars have representatives, in the form of partner companies, who also deal with registration of domain names as an official registrar.

If a partner or representative has violated the terms of the contract, you must immediately contact the official registrar.

Service prices will vary.. Typically, representatives offer to register a second-level domain name with a monthly payment.

Official registrars set the rules for registration with payment for a domain name immediately for 1 year.

Note! If the payment is overdue, it will be impossible to access the site. Depending on the registrar, there is a contractual deadline for resuming payments. If it is omitted, the domain name becomes free and can be registered by another person.

Checking a second-level domain for employment

There are now more than half a billion second-level domains on the web.

With the development of Internet technologies and the transfer of business to the virtual space, domain names as names for websites began to have a high price.

Large corporations are willing to pay millions of dollars for a beautiful name for their site.

Many enterprising developers began to register sites with beautiful addresses more than 10 years ago. And a few years ago, such investments began to be justified.

Now the price of a second-level domain with a beautiful name costs tens of thousands of dollars, and the rent of such a number usually does not exceed $100-1500 per year.

Therefore, when creating a site, you should pay attention to its name, as the address of a second-level domain, because this name can already be acquired by a thoughtful investor, for its further resale at several times more expensive.

View information about the current user of a specific domain name

To check the availability of a domain, just contact the official registrars. They provide all the necessary information on a particular resource.

There is a search box on the official page of such institutions.

By entering the name of the second-level domain there, you can check its employment in various zones. It should be noted that the database of all registrars is common.

Therefore, you can seek help in the search for any of them, regardless of geographic location.

After the domain of interest has been officially acquired and an agreement has been concluded with the registrar for the right to use it for a specified period of time, you will need to configure it and link different hostings.

To do this, there is a special administrative panel that allows you to edit the domain, connect various services to it.

It is through such a panel that users can select domains in 3 and 4 levels from the received address.

Viewing History and Purchasing Released Names

According to established international rules, registrars provide information about the owners of second-level domains free of charge and openly.

That is, anyone who wants to go to the official website of the registrar in Whois section, maybe, by specifying the address of a particular site, get all the information about the person who registered it.

However, services are now also provided to hide such registration information about the owner of the resource.

Various official services offer such a service both for a fee and for free. It is also possible to change the data to fictitious ones.

According to the rules for registering a second-level domain, when concluding an agreement with an official registrar, you must indicate your personal and contact information.

The site address is tied specifically to a specific individual or legal entity with whom the contract is concluded.

Many owners of popular online resources are advised to use the services of concealing information or substituting it.

This is due to the fact that there are on the network and those who want to get hold of information or money. The user's personal data greatly simplifies the hacking of the service.

Conclusion

Based on the materials of the article, we can conclude that the domain is one of the most important components of the address of any site on the Internet.

Without fixed names, it will be impossible to go to the resource using a browser. Many developers pay great attention to the issue of choosing a domain.

This is explained by the fact that much depends on the name of the portal, as well as on its location.

If it is unreadable and not concise, and also located in little-known zones of the first level, the number of visitors to the resource will be minimal.

For a novice website creator, one of the first questions that arises is what a domain is, why it is needed, where to get it and how to choose it. It is present on absolutely any resource, you just have to raise your eyes to the address bar of the browser. The domain name is the name of the site.

Why is it needed?

As a rule, any site is located on the servers of various hosting companies. These servers, like any computer, have their own unique IP address, which consists of numbers in a certain sequence. To search for a site, you need to know this combination of numbers.

The problem is that there can be a thousand sites on one IP address (server), and it is very difficult to find the right one. For easy navigation on the World Wide Web, they came up with a unique name for each resource. Each site is assigned a unique domain name. This greatly facilitates the search for the necessary resource.

Rules for creating a domain name

This is a combination of characters. There are certain rules for its creation:

• The length must be between two and sixty three characters.
• The domain name of the site can contain numbers from 0 to 9.
• It can contain a hyphen, but not at the beginning or end.
• It must not contain spaces.

Any name consists of several parts, which are separated by dots. Each part is domains of different levels. As a rule, three domain levels are used for a site.

Domain levels

They are determined by how many dot-separated words the name contains. First you need to decide on the audience of the resource and, based on this, choose a name.

For the first level, they can be divided into two types:

1. Domains that designate a geographic location. They show which country they belong to. For example, domain.ru means that the site belongs to Russia, .ua - to Ukraine, .au - to Australia, .cz - to the Czech Republic, and so on.
2. defining the type of activity. The .org domain indicates that the site is non-commercial, .info - informational, .com - created for commerce.

It is worth noting that this classification is rather arbitrary, anyone can register. For example, a site ending in .cz might have nothing to do with the Czech Republic, while a site ending in .com might not do business.

The second-level domain is the unique name of the site. For example, site.ru belongs to an organization or By the way, since the names should not be repeated, verification of a domain name in a certain zone is necessary during registration.

Third level - defines a resource within a second level domain. They are mostly free, but are not very popular among professional webmasters.

What level to choose a domain

If the project is long-term and is designed to make a profit, then you should choose a second-level domain. Yes, it is paid, but it does not cost that much and eliminates the disadvantages that a third-party domain has. Despite the fact that it is free, it has a number of disadvantages:

• The name is lengthened, therefore, it is more difficult to remember.
• As a rule, it is tied to a specific hosting, when you change the latter, you will also have to change the domain.
• Since all services are free, you cannot demand anything from host owners. Anything can happen to the site, and there will even be no one to present claims to.

The third level of the domain can be chosen if the resource is created with the aim of trying your hand and gaining experience.

Also, when choosing, it is worth considering what audience the site is aimed at. If it is Russian-speaking, then you should choose the .ru domain zone. For international or multilingual projects, .com is the best option.

How to choose a name

A domain name is a website, so you should not approach the choice carelessly.

First, the more concise the name, the better. The name should be memorable and not too long. The name can indicate the type of activity, for example avto.com, and it will immediately be clear what information the user will find on the page. But ivan.ru does not reveal much about the subject of the site, only if it is not Ivan's personal blog. If this is an online store, then the domain must contain its name. A name that contains the keyword works well.

Secondly, the name in the domain is mainly written in Latin, so you need to make sure that it is displayed correctly and is readable. You should not expect that all users know English, so there may be problems with writing letters that are not in the foreign alphabet (h, u, u, z).

Thirdly, before using in English, it is necessary to check the correctness of their spelling.

Fourthly, it will not be superfluous to check the domain name to see if there are similar names in other zones. It's okay if there are any, but when it's a competitor resource, the user may mistakenly go to someone else's page.

Domain name registration

You need to register a domain only with reliable partners. You should carefully read the documentation and the capabilities of the seller. You don't need to save money, otherwise troubles may arise later. Domain registration, which costs 99 rubles, looks very suspicious, and in the end, after buying it, you can find that, for example, the administration panel is missing. Or for resale, you will need to provide a pile of documents and perform many actions. As a result, a lot of nerves and strength will go away.

RU-CENTER has been one of the largest registrars in the Russian market since 2001. We provide services for registration, renewal and transfer of support for information about domain names in more than: national, international and thematic.

To enter the query you are interested in in the search bar and click "Check". Free names in domain zones with the price for the first year will appear in the list of results - all available, from the most to the most expensive. Our selection will allow you to check if a particular domain is free if you enter it in its entirety in the search bar.

Choose the appropriate option from the search results by category or the entire list, place and pay for the order. These are valid for the first year of registration and may differ from the cost of the domain upon renewal.

After the receipt of money, the domain name is registered in the central database (Registry) - the administrator indicates the individual or organization that has entered into an agreement with RU-CENTER.

After registration, management and all information about the domain become available in the "For clients" section.

Greetings, dear readers! In this article, I will try to tell you in simple terms what a domain is and why it is needed. And also, for those who are going to launch their website on the Internet, I will give a few additional instructions that you need to know.

Domain(more accurately called " fully qualified domain name”) is the address of the Internet space (site) on which it is located and where it can be found on the global Internet.

If you now go to blog home page and look in the browser line, you will see the following.

This address is called the full domain name of the site. This address may look different in the browser you are using.

• . Many modern browsers hide it.

Prefixes http, https And www do not apply to domains.

A domain name can be compared to the address of any house in the world. Knowing the address, you can find the right house.

In principle, the average user does not need to know more. I hope I have answered your question.

Now let's look at a more advanced technical level.

Definition not for dummies

I'll start with an analogy. Each place on our globe has its own coordinates, according to which it is located. For example, a couple of days ago we drove through Volgograd and visited the famous place Mamaev Kurgan with the highest monument of Russia and Europe “The Motherland Calls!”, Which is located at the coordinates 48°44′32″N, 44°32′14″E48 .742286, 44.537112.

Naturally, we did not look for this place by its coordinates, but by name.

The same thing happens on the global Internet, each place (space) where website data is stored has its own IP address (unique network address). Thus, you can get to the site not only by the domain, but also by its IP address.

For example, if you enter the following IP address 93.158.134.3 in the browser address bar, the Yandex home page will open. But sometimes several sites can be stored at one such address, and so that the user can get to the resource he needs, unique domain names are used in a convenient human form.

It's like apartments in a house at the same address.

Domain name structure

All domain names consist of areas - domains (from English domain is translated as area, territory).

Each name includes a top (first) level domain, it is customary to determine the zone from it. In my case, this is “ru”. Next comes my unique second-level domain “iklife”..website.

It turns out that in this domain zone, no one, except me, can locate your site, it belongs only to me.

Again, by analogy, they have a similar structure: country, district, city, street, etc.