· /P - sets the screen-by-screen display of the table of contents. It is used to list the contents of large directories. The /P switch prevents continuous scrolling. If the screen is filled with part of the directory, then the display of new file names stops and resumes only when any key is pressed.

· /W - information about the contents of the directory is output to a line, and only file names are displayed, 5 per line.

1. C:\NEW>DIR - displays a list of directories and files in the current directory - NEW.

2. D:\>DIR C:\ - displays a list of directories and files in the root directory of the logical drive C:.

3. D:\>DIR *.com - displays a list of files with the extension "com" from the current directory. If there are no such files, then a corresponding message is displayed.

MD command (internal command)

The purpose of the command is to create a new subdirectory in the specified directory, but if the path is not specified, the directory is created in the current directory of the current drive.

Command format: MD directory-name.

1. D:\>MD PM - a subdirectory named PM is created in the current directory.

2. С:\>MD D:\New - a first-level subdirectory is created in the root directory of the D: drive.

3. С:\>MD D:\New\Last - the second level subdirectory Last is created on the D: drive in the New directory.

XCOPY command (external command)

The purpose of the command is to copy directories along with subdirectories and files.

Command format: XCOPY name1 name2\ /s,

where name1 is the name of the copied directory (source);

name2 - name of the destination directory;

s - key, means to copy all files from the specified directory.

For example: D:\>XCOPY A:\WHITE \BLACK\WHITE\ /s.

This command copies the contents of the WHITE directory on drive A: to the WHITE directory located in the BLACK directory on the root directory of the current drive D:.

CD command (internal command)

The purpose of the command is to change the current directory, move to another directory.

Command format: CD way.

1. C:\FLY>CD\NU - switch from the current directory to the directory with the name NU, which is located in the root directory of the C: drive.

2. C:\FLY\NU>CD\ - go to the root directory.

Switching to the superdirectory is carried out using the command: "CD..".

RD command (internal command)

The purpose of the command is to delete a directory.

Command format: RD directory-name.

When deleting a directory, keep the following in mind:

· Only an empty directory is deleted;

You can delete a directory only when you are outside of it;

· the root directory cannot be deleted.

1. C:\FLY>RD MMM - deletion of the MMM subdirectory from the current directory;

2. D:\FLY>RD C:\HIT\BI - deleting a subdirectory named BI located in the HIT directory on the C: drive.

Commands for working with disks

Change current disk command (internal command)

The purpose of the command is to change the current disk.

Command format: drive name:.

C:\FLY>A: - drive A: is set as the current drive.

DISKCOPY command (external command)

The purpose of the command is to copy floppy disks.

Command format: DISKCOPY [disk-name1:] [disk-name2:].

This command copies all the information from disk-1 to disk-2, track by track. Disks must be the same size.

For example:

DISKCOPY A: B:.

Systemwide Commands

DATE command (internal command)

The purpose of the command is to display information about the current date and set the date in the computer.

Command format: DATE.

This command displays information about the date (day - month - year) on the screen, and you can set a new date value on the computer. If you do not want to change the date, then press Enter.

TIME command (internal command)

The purpose of the command is to display information about the time or set the time in the computer.

Command format: TIME.

MS DOS displays the current time and asks you to set a new time value in the computer. If there is no need to change the time, you should press the Enter key, i.e. send an empty message.

VER command (internal command)

The purpose of the command is to display the number of the MS DOS version being used.

Command format: VER.

As a result of entering this command, a message like this is displayed on the screen: MS DOS Version 5.00.

CLS command (internal command)

The purpose of the command is to clear the monitor screen.

Command format: CLS.

The monitor screen is cleared and the DOS prompt appears on the first line of the screen.

batch files

If you need to execute several commands in a row, you need to write these commands to a text file with an arbitrary name and the “bat” extension. Each command in this file must be on a separate line. Such a file is called a batch file. The name of this file is specified as the name of the DOS command. DOS executes a batch file line by line.

Lab task

LOAD MS DOS.

1. Display the current date.

2. Display the current time.

3. Set as the current drive allowed for users. Display the contents of the root directory.

4. Set one of the disk directories as the current directory (the directory must have subdirectories). Display its contents on the screen using the /W and /P switches.

5. Display all files with the "exe" extension. Display files whose names begin with the character "A". Display all files whose names contain no more than 5 characters.

6. Remaining in the same directory, display the contents of the root directory of the disk.

7. Go to a subdirectory of the current directory and display its contents. While in a subdirectory, display the contents of the superdirectory.

8. Go to the root directory with one command and return to the subdirectory with the same command.

9. Change to the superdirectory. Display the contents of a file on the screen, to suspend the output to the screen, use the necessary control keys.

10. Create directory 1 in the root directory with the original name and copy files with the extension "txt" or "doc" into it. Create a subdirectory2 in it, enter it and copy files with the "doc" or "txt" extension into it. Display the contents of the created directories.

11. Using the COPY command, create two files DOC1.TXT and DOC2.TXT in your subdirectory. Files should contain approximately the following student information:

DOC1.TXT file:

Group BP1-1

DOC2.TXT file:

Foreign language English

Experience on a PC No practical experience (3 years).

12. Verify that the files have been created by viewing the contents of the directory.

13. Check the recorded information by displaying the contents of the files on the screen.

14. Obtain the RDOC1.TXT file by copying it to directory 1, merging the information from the DOC1.TXT and DOC2.TXT files.

15. Make sure the files are created and contain the required information.

16. Add the following information to the end of the RDOC1.TXT file:

Phone number.

17. Check the contents of the file.

18. From subdirectory2, copy the files DOC1.TXT and DOC2.TXT to directory1 with the names TABLE1.TXT and TABLE2.TXT, respectively.

19. Check the presence of files TABLE1.TXT and TABLE2.TXT in directory1 and the information written in them.

20. Go to the root directory.

21. Copy the DOC1.TXT and DOC2.TXT files into it with one command, preserving the names.

22. On the instructions of the teacher, create a batch file.

23. Write a lab report. Protect your work.

Lab No.3

Working in a Windows environment

Objective:

1. Familiarization with the Windows operating environment. Working with windows.

2. Create files and folders.

3. Operations with files and folders. Fundamentals of working with files and folders.

4. Standard Windows programs.

General information

After turning on the computer, the self-testing process automatically starts - the operability of the computer devices is checked. Upon successful testing, the operating system is loaded Windows* .

A picture will appear on the screen - a window called the Desktop (Fig. 1). At the bottom of the window is the Taskbar. On the Taskbar is the Start button, which is used to start working in Windows. In the process of work, buttons with the names of the programs launched into work appear on the Taskbar. The desktop also contains on-screen icons, under which there are inscriptions.

Icon (pictogram, icon) - a graphical representation of an object in a collapsed form. The object can be a file, directory, etc.

On the Desktop, next to the icons, shortcuts to objects can also be located. A label is used in the same way as an icon. Unlike an icon, which is a graphical representation of an object, a shortcut is only a pointer to an object. Actions on an icon are actions on an object. Actions on the label do not apply to the object itself.

The interaction between the user and the operating system is always carried out according to special rules in a way specific to each operating system. These rules form the user interface.

There are the following types of operating system user interface:

text - for MS DOS;

tabular - for NC;

graphic - for Windows.

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Rice. 1. Windows XP desktop

1- icons; 2 - "Start" button; 3 - taskbar; 4 - buttons for running programs

Working with windows

The description of the main objects and methods of working with the operating system is focused on the version of Windows XP.

Windows starts with the click of a button Start desktop, which will open the Main Menu. In the Main Menu, use the "mouse" to select the desired section (for example, Programs). If the section has "4" - this means that there is a menu of subsections that will open after hovering over the section. When selecting a section or subsection item, move the mouse pointer over it and click, the program will be opened.

Windows has a set of built-in programs that are located in the Programs section under the Accessories subsection.

From the Programs section, all applications (programs) connected to Windows are launched.

If there is an icon or shortcut of the desired program on the Desktop, then it can be launched differently - by double-clicking on the icon.

After launching a program, its Window appears on the screen.

There are three types of windows in the Windows shell:

program window (application);

window of the program processing object (document);

· dialog window.

The application window, as a rule, consists of elements typical for the Windows environment:

1st line - title bar (header), which displays the name of the program and the window control buttons. All programs launched from the Windows environment have a standard window that can be of three sizes: normal, full screen and minimized.

The normal size of a window is such that you can move the window around the screen and resize it with the mouse.

To resize a window, place the mouse pointer on one side of the window frame so that it becomes a split double-headed arrow. Then you should press the left mouse button and, without releasing it, move the mouse in the desired direction.

To move a window around the screen, you need to combine the cursor with the window header, press the left mouse button and drag in the desired direction.

To make the window full screen, click the DIV_ADBLOCK137">

To minimize the window, click on the button. The window will turn into a button on the taskbar, the program itself remains in working condition. To continue working, just click on this button and the window will open. To close the window, i.e. stop the program, click on the button.

2nd line - menu bar, located under the title bar. The menu can be opened with the mouse by clicking on the appropriate item, which will open a drop-down menu (if available) containing a list of functional commands. A command can be called using the mouse by clicking on the corresponding command, or using the cursor keys and the Enter button.

Menu- a list of objects (operations, buttons, icons, etc.) that is available or deployed on the screen. Among these objects you need to make a choice.

3rd line - toolbar containing function buttons with a graphic representation of operations (icon menu). The icon menu is designed for quick access to frequently used menu commands. A certain command is associated with each icon; to execute it, it is enough to click on the corresponding icon with the mouse. Each item of the icon menu contains a tooltip that appears a few seconds after the mouse pointer has hovered over it.

The last line - The status line, the information line, is located at the bottom of the screen. The content of the information line is determined by the software application and its mode of operation.

You can open multiple windows, but work with only one active window. The active window's header is usually blue. To activate a window, just click on it.

Working with files in the Windows environment

Any data processed by a computer, from simple texts to videos, is stored as files, and the system distinguishes one file from another by name. Working with files is a basic element of computer technology. The user creates files, copies them, moves them, etc.

Let's consider the methods of working with files in the Windows environment using the example of the Explorer program.

Purpose of the Explorer program

The Explorer program is designed to perform such operations as:

Viewing the structure of information storage on disks;

changing the way of displaying the structure of stored information;

creation of folders;

Transferring, copying and deleting folders and files;

renaming folders and files;

search for folders and files on disks or in the local network;

· Working with the Favorites folder.

Work of the Explorer program

There are several ways to launch File Explorer. The simplest of them is: calling the command Start - All Programs - Accessories - Explorer.

You can start the program using the context menu. To do this, right-click on the icon of any folder or on the Start button and select the Explorer command from the menu that opens. As a result, the program window will appear on the screen.

Rice. 2. Explorer window, View - Table, Folder mode

1 - menu; 2 - address bar; 3 – operating mode of the Explorer; 4 – pictographic menu; 5 - "cap"; 6 – window control buttons; 7 - folder tree; 8 - scroll bars;

9 - contents of the selected folder; 10 - status bar

The menu is located on the line after the title (header) of the software application and consists of several sections. Menu section File collected commands for working with files. Menu section Edit collected commands for editing file lists. Menu section View collected commands for organizing the appearance of the Explorer window. Menu section Reference there is a command to call help for working with the Explorer program.

Menu section Service useful point - Folder properties

Below the menu bar is an icon menu - toolbar. This panel contains buttons that you can use to execute commands without entering the menu. The set of buttons can be expanded: View – Toolbars – Customization.

AT Address bar the path to the selected folder is displayed.

Status bar shows the number and total size of files in a directory on the right, and either the capacity of the entire drive or the size of selected files on the left.

Explorer can work in two modes:

In the "Folders" mode;

in the "Search" mode.

The Explorer workspace is divided into two panels.

The Explorer window panes are split vertically. The width of these panels can be adjusted by dragging the separator line with the mouse.

The Folders mode is set by default when you open the Explorer window. In this case, the left panel has a tree structure, and the contents of the open folder are displayed on the right panel.

The tree can be expanded to show some or all of the subdirectories. If there is an or sign to the left of the folder icon, it means that the folder contains subfolders. The "+" sign indicates that nested folders are not visible, the "-" sign appears when a folder is opened and the nested folder level is displayed. To expand or collapse the directory (folder) tree, just click on the sign in the box. The sign will be reversed and the directory structure tree will collapse or expand.

To change a disk, just click on the disk name in the tree.

Open (select, browse) folder by clicking icon 0 " style="margin-left:23.4pt;border-collapse:collapse;border:none">

When working with the buttons on the Toolbar, take your time! Move the pointer to the button and wait for hints.

In many cases it is convenient to use context menu, that appears on the screen after clicking right key mice on the object . The context menu offers only those operations that can be performed with given object in the current situation

In the "Search" mode, a window for searching various information is displayed in the left panel (Fig. 3). This mode is activated with the button Search. The search tools provided in this window allow you to search for pictures, music and video files, other files and folders, other computers and people on your local network, and search for information on the Internet. When using this mode, you can set various search conditions. For example, you can search for files by file name, type, and size. It is even possible to search for files containing specific text.

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Rice. 3. Mode - Search, View - List

Create a new folder

To create a new folder you need:

install disk;

Open the folder in which you want to create a new folder;

· go to the File menu section;

select the Create command;

· click on the Folder section in the opened submenu.

" will appear in the right pane.

Now follows assign/change folder name. For this you need:

Place the mouse pointer in the frame, click. A text cursor will appear in the frame;

clear the frame using the keys https://pandia.ru/text/78/395/images/image040_6.gif" width="28"> or keys Delete;

Enter the desired name from the keyboard;

push Enter.

To delete a folder, just select it by clicking on it with the mouse and then press the key Delete.

Working with files in Explorer

Selection

Objects - files, folders, icons to be copied, deleted, moved, renamed, must be selected:

To select one object, just click on it with the mouse;

To select several disparate objects, hold down the key Withtrl, make mouse clicks on the required files;

To select several objects located in a row, you need to select the first object and, holding down the key Shift, click on the last object in the group;

To select all objects in an open folder, you need to enter the menu Edit and choose a team Select all.

8.1. Copying files - COPY command

The COPY command takes one or two main arguments and may also be accompanied by a special verification flag. The basic format of the command involves specifying the source, that is, specifying the place from where to copy (1st argument), and the destination, that is, specifying the place where to copy (2nd argument). The source can be any route, filename, or naming pattern. In this case, depending on the task, the entire contents of the current or specified directory, a group of files or a single file are copied. As a destination, most often only a route is specified, which indicates to which directory the copied files should be transferred. The names of the copied files remain the same.

The COPY command has three formats.

Copy without changing the name.

COPY [n:][path]filename[.type][n:][route]

The file is copied to another drive and/or directory

under the same name.

C:\>copy a:*.* c:

Copy all files from drive A: to the current directory of drive C:.

C:\>copy\work\DOS

Copy all files in the WORK directory to the DOS directory.

C:\>copy\doc\abc\

Copying all files in the ABC directory to the root.

Renaming copy.

COPY [n:][path]filename[.type]

[n:][path]filename[.type]

The file gets a new name when copied.

C:\>copy pr1 pr2

The file named PR1 is copied to the same directory and named PR2.

C:\>copy \work\*.txt \doc\*.doc

When transferring files from WORK to DOC, their types will change from TXT to DOC.

Copying with connection of files.

COPY [n:][path]filename[.type]

[+[n:][path]filename[.type]...]

[n:][route][filename[.type]]

Parameters A,B,V mean:

V - sets the disk write check mode;

A - defines text files;

B - defines binary files.

C:\> copy pr1+pr2+pr3 pr4

The file named PR4 is formed by concatenating the files PR1, PR2 and PR3.

If the resulting file is not specified, then the connected files will be written to the file whose name is specified first (in the above example, to the PR1 file).

The COPY command has other uses besides copying files from one directory to another. The fact is that all external devices connected to the machine have conditional names. Some names are reserved for standard devices:

PRN - main (1st) printer;

LPT1 is another name for the main printer;

LPT2 - additional (2nd) printer;

AUX - main (1st) communication channel;

COM1 - another name for the 1st communication channel;

COM2 - additional (2nd) communication channel;

CON - "console", that is, display + keyboard;

NUL is a "null device" used for debugging.

The COPY command can be used to exchange information with devices. In this case, instead of specifying the path and file name as the source or, more often, the destination, the name of the device is specified.

C:\>copy docum.docprn

The file named docum.doc is copied to the PRN device, i.e. the printer.

C:\>copy con t.bat

The file named T.BAT is created as a result of copying from the CON device, that is, by entering text from the keyboard (the text entered must end with an end sign that occurs when the keys are pressed simultaneously<УПР- Z>).

8.2. Renaming a file - RENAME (REN) command

Command specification:

REN [n:][route]filename[.type] filename[.type]

The first argument specifies the old filename, the second the new one.

The first argument may be preceded by a path prefix indicating in which directory the rename is being made. By default, renaming occurs in the current directory.

C:\WORK>ren a:*.txt *.doc

File types change.

C:\>ren pr1.asm pr2.asm

Replacing the file name PR1 with PR2. The RENAME command does not affect the files themselves.

8.3. Deleting a file is the DEL command.

Command specification:

DEL [n:][route][filename[.type]]

If filename is not specified, then all files in the specified directory or the current directory are deleted. In this case (and also in the case when the pattern *.* is specified), confirmation is requested to perform the operation.

The argument to the DEL command can be a path, a specific file name to delete, or a name pattern.

C:\>del\work\*.txt

All files of the TXT type are deleted in the WORK directory.

Deleted all files in the WORK subdirectory (unless there is a regular file named WORK in the current directory).

The system, before proceeding with the deletion, asks the user a warning question - "Is he sure that everything needs to be deleted?". The user's "yes" response (letter Y) signals the user's confidence and the delete operation is performed. Answer

"no" (letter N) cancels the operation. When deleting, the links to the deleted files are "stripped out" from the corresponding directory. The contents of the files are not destroyed and they can still be "recovered" using special utility programs. If, after the deletion, new files are created on this disk, then it is possible that they will be written to the place of the deleted files. After that, the recovery of deleted files is no longer possible.

1.2.2 MS-DOS operating system MS-DOS is a single-user, single-tasking operating system that provides user interaction with a computer using commands entered by the user (command line interface). Functional parts: - file system (a set of OS tools that provide access to data); -drivers (programs that control the operation of external devices); -command...

A description of these features is beyond the scope of this topic. ATTENTION!!! This command (Prompt) does NOT work when run in NORTON-COMMANDER (from MS DOS command line emulator). The User's dialogue with MS DOS (not using the Dos-Shell) is so primitive that it comes down to entering commands at the MS DOS command line and receiving messages on the Display screen. (Program description- ...

Efficient drivers available to system and application programs. If a running program needs to contact a peripheral device, it tells the operating system which device it needs, and MS-DOS provides it with the appropriate driver. Devices for character-by-character and block data transmission Devices for character-by-character data transmission transfer information ...

With the del *.* command, DOS will ask: Are you sure (Y/N)? (Are you sure?) Press Y and Enter to delete files, N and Enter to cancel the command. Confirmation request. The MS DOS operating system, starting with version 6.0, can request confirmation of the deletion of each file. To do this, you must use the /p mode in the del command. In this case, before deleting each file, the screen will...

DOS commands. copy commands. PATH Display or set the search path for executable files. 2. PAUZE Pause the execution of a batch file and display a message. 3. POPD Restore the previous value of the current active folder, saved using the command. 4. PRINT Print the contents of text files. 5. PROMPT Change the prompt on the Windows command line. 6. PUSHD Save the value of the current active folder and move to another folder. 7. RD Delete folder. 8. RECOVER Recovery of readable information from a bad or damaged disk. 9. REM Putting comments in batch files and the CONFIG.SUS file. 10. REN Rename files and folders. 11. RENAME Rename files and folders. 12. REPLACE Replacing files. 13. RMDIR Delete folder. 14. SET Display, set and remove WINDOWS environment variables. 15. SETLOCAL Start local environment changes for the batch file. 16. SHIFT Change content<сдвиг>inline parameters for the batch file. 17. SORT Sort input. 18. START Starts a program or command in a separate window. 19. SUBST Matches the given path with a drive name. 20. TIME Display and set the system time. 21. TITLE Assign the window title for the current session of the CMD.EXE command line interpreter. 22. TREE Graphical display of the folder structure of the specified drive or specified folder. 23. TYPE Display the contents of text files. 24. VER Display information about the version of Windows.

VERIFY Sets the mode for verifying that files are written to disk correctly. 26. VOL Display the volume label and serial number for the disk. XCOPY Copy files and folder tree. Copying Files - The COPY Command The COPY command has one or two main arguments and may also be accompanied by a special verification flag.

The basic format of the command involves specifying the source, that is, specifying the place from where to copy (1st argument), and the destination, that is, specifying the place where to copy (2nd argument). The source can be any route, filename, or naming pattern. In this case, depending on the task, the entire contents of the current or specified directory, a group of files or a single file are copied. As a destination, most often only a route is specified, which indicates to which directory the copied files should be transferred.

The names of the copied files remain the same.

The COPY command has three formats.

Format 1: Copy without changing the name. COPY [n:][path]filename[.type][n:] [route] - The file is copied to another drive and/or directory under the same name.

C:>copy a:*.*c: - Copy all files from drive A: to the current directory of drive C: . C:>copy work DOS - Copy all files in the WORK directory to the DOS directory. Format 2: Renaming copy.

COPY[n:][path]filename[.type] [n:] [route] filename [.type] - The file gets a new name when copied. C:>copy pr1 pr2 - The file named PR1 is copied in the same directory and named PR2. C:>copy work*.txt doc*.doc - When transferring files from WORK to DOC, their types will change from TXT to DOC. Format3: Copying with file concatenation.

COPY[n:][route]filename[.type] [+[n:][route] filename[.type] ][n:][route][filename[.type]][ /V] Parameters A,B ,V stand for: V - sets the disk write check mode; A - defines text files; B - defines binary files.

C:> copy pr1+pr2+pr3 pr4 - The file named PR4 is formed by concatenating the files PR1, PR2 and PR3 . If the resulting file is not specified, then the connected files will be written to the file whose name is specified first (in the above example, to the PR1 file). The COPY command has other uses besides copying files from one directory to another.

The fact is that all external devices connected to the machine have conditional names. Some names are reserved for standard devices: PRN - primary (1st) printer; LPT1 is another name for the main printer; LPT2 - additional (2nd) printer; AUX - main (1st) communication channel; COM1 - another name for the 1st communication channel; COM2 - additional (2nd) communication channel; CON - "console", that is, display + keyboard; NUL is a "null device" used for debugging. The COPY command can be used to exchange information with devices. In this case, instead of specifying the path and file name as the source or, more often, the destination, the name of the device is specified.

Examples: C:>copy docum.doc prn - The file named docum.doc is copied to the PRN device, i.e. the printer. C:>copy con t.bat - A file named T.BAT is created as a result of copying from the CON device, i.e. by entering text from the keyboard (the input text must end with an end sign that occurs when the keys are pressed simultaneously<УПР- Z>). 3. Norton Commander.

Files, directories. NORTON COMMANDER The Norton Commander shell is the most common DOS add-on currently in use, transforming its command-based user interface into a menu-type interface. View of the screen and panels After launching Norton Commander, two rectangular windows (panels) appear on the screen. Below these panels is the MS-DOS prompt and an information line with function key values.

General characteristics of the shell. The Norton Commander shell provides: 1. Displaying directory trees and directory contents (characteristics of the files included in them) in a form that is most convenient for human perception, as a result of which the user no longer feels like a blind man who does not see anything on his disks; 2. performing all kinds of actions with directories, files and entire subtrees of file structures, including their creation, copying, forwarding, renaming, deleting and searching, as well as changing file attributes; 3. work with archives as naturally as possible, including displaying their contents, as well as creating, updating and unpacking archives (an archive is a file that contains a group of files compressed according to a special algorithm); 4. visualization of files prepared by popular texts and graphic editors, database management systems, spreadsheets and other application programs; 5. preparation of text files; 6. execution from its environment of almost all DOS commands; 7. launching programs, for which various, most user-friendly methods are used; 8. issuing information about the computer as a whole, about disks and RAM; 9. support for computer-to-computer communication via a serial or parallel port (using the Commander Link module); 10. support for e-mail via modem over telephone lines (using the Term90 module developed for Symantec Corporation by BAUSCH datacom GmbH). The Norton Commander shell, like any other shell, while simplifying user interaction with a PC, does not completely free him from the need to know the DOS user interface, since many functions are available only at the system level or are implemented at this level much more efficiently.

Shell Norton Commander, so attractive thanks to the excellent high-speed data visualization tools and sophisticated e-mail.

Visualization of a file consists in formatting its contents (in preparation for displaying on the screen in a form suitable for perception) and then displaying the result on the monitor screen.

The file format is automatically recognized by the shell based on its name extension and, optionally, its internal structure.

The advantages of the shell under consideration include: 1. a high degree of integration of functions; 2. convenience of issuing DOS commands - issuing them from the shell environment is even more convenient than interacting with DOS directly; 3. support for a hierarchical menu system (sub-menus) for launching programs; 4. ease of development and ease of use; 5. high stability in operation and acceptable protection against user errors; 6. availability of a convenient and understandable context-sensitive interactive guide; 7. support for the manipulator type mouse; 8. excellent, untarnished reputation of the manufacturer.

Disadvantages: 1. lack of tools for sorting directories in the file structure tree; 2. the inability to perform group operations on files in different directories, not to mention files on different disks; 3. the impossibility of performing any actions with groups of files found on the disk by means of the shell (starting from version 4.0, it is possible to perform actions with individual files). The Norton Commander shell does not impose any special requirements on the PC hardware and can work on all currently used computers equipped with a hard drive (however, you can use the shell kernel without it). It takes about 1.8 MB of disk space to contain all the files that make up the wrapper.

Files, directories.

File (in English - File) - folder, folder. A file is a named area of ​​memory on some physical medium designed to store information.

Each file has its own individual name. The name itself - the name of the file - and an identifier that determines its type, called the extension. Separation of files. To copy, delete, move files in Norton Commander, you need to select them by pressing the Ins key. To cancel the selection, press “Ins” again. Information about the number of selected files appears at the bottom of the panel. Catalog. A directory of files or directories contains information about a group of files stored together on the same medium.

A directory has a name and, in turn, can be registered in another directory. In this case, it becomes a subordinate or subdirectory. This forms a hierarchical file system. Every disk media always has a root directory Create a directory. To create a directory in Norton Commander, you must press the "F7" key, type its name, press "Enter". To enter a directory, press the “Enter” key on its name. When you press the "ALT+F10" keys, a directory tree is displayed on the screen.

The cursor keys can be used to quickly move to the desired subdirectory.

End of work -

This topic belongs to:

Boot Record, DOS Commands, Norton Commander, Windows

It performs a dialogue with the user, manages the computer, its resources (RAM, disk space, etc.), launches. .VERIFY Sets the mode for verifying that files are written to disk correctly. 26. VOL Display the label and serial number of the volume for..

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Norton Commander (NC) is a utility tool for working with subdirectories and files. Work with the NC program is carried out in a dialogue mode, which facilitates communication between the user and the PC.

In interactive mode, NC allows you to:

– view, create, rename and destroy subdirectories;

– efficiently search for files with given names;

– view and edit the contents of files;

– copy, move, destroy, rename individual files and groups of files;

– run executable (.COM), bootable (.EXE) and batch (.BAT) files;

– receive information about the volume, date and time of creation of files, about the volume

– available RAM and disk space;

- create your own user menu, assign certain functions to the keyboard keys and perform them;

- enter any MS-DOS commands into the command line, call previously issued commands from the buffer, edit them and repeat;

– change the original configuration of Norton Commander.

After loading Norton Commander, two framed information panels appear on the display screen. Panels contain information about subdirectories, files, and so on. Full and brief presentation of information about files is possible: the right panel consists of four columns and gives complete information about files in the C:\DOS directory: file name and size, date and time of creation; the left panel consists of three columns and contains only the names of files in the C:\WINDOWS\SYSTEM directory. The directory path is indicated on the very top line of each panel.

The names in the list can be sorted alphabetically - by file name or extension, by file size, date and time they were created, or by physical location on disk.

Subdirectory names on the display screen are always shown in uppercase letters, and filenames are always shown in lowercase, regardless of how they were entered from the keyboard.

The last line of the panel displays full information about the file or subdirectory that contains the active panel marker or that contained the passive panel marker before transferring it to the active panel. For example, the left panel is the passive panel; the bottom line of the panel indicates that before the marker went to the active panel, the 1754-byte choice.com file created on September 30, 1993 at 6:20 am was selected.

The main concept when working with Norton Commander is the active panel, in which all commands are executed. An active panel is a panel on which there is a luminous marker (cursor) in the form of a rectangle of a different color. The other panel is passive. After loading, the marker is located on the name of the first file or subdirectory of the active panel. The drive name and directory path are always highlighted in the top line. In MS-DOS, this corresponds to the current drive and directory.

The marker is moved inside the panel using the cursor keys, as well as the Home, End, PgUp, PgDn keys. The Home key sets the marker to the beginning of the active panel directory; the End key — to the end of the active panel directory; The PgUp and PgDn keys allow you to browse the directory page up and down, respectively.

Moving the marker within each panel can be performed not only with the keyboard, but also with the mouse. To do this, just place the mouse cursor (a small red rectangle) on the desired line by pressing the left button once. To execute a file or open a subdirectory, double-click the left mouse button.

The tab key or the Ctrl+I keys allow you to make the passive panel active (transition from one panel to another).

The Ctrl+O keys are used if you need to hide the image of both panels for working with DOS commands. Pressing these keys again will reappear the panels on the screen.

The Ctrl+F1 and Ctrl+F2 keys turn on / off the left and right panels, respectively; in both cases, if the toggled panel was active, then the remaining panel becomes active.

Ctrl+P keys enable / disable the passive panel.

The Ctrl+U keys allow you to swap panels.

The Ctrl+L keys allow you to get information about the amount of RAM, the disk space of the active panel, and the free amount of RAM and disk instead of the passive panel.

The Alt+F1 keys allow you to change the drive name for the left pane, and Alt+F2 for the right pane. After pressing one of these key combinations, a window appears on the corresponding panel. The name of the working drive is highlighted. The desired drive is selected using the cursor keys, after which the Enter key is pressed. If at the moment the specified drive is not ready for operation, for example, a floppy disk is not inserted into it, then a window appears on the screen. In the line "Other device name" you can enter the letter of another drive to switch to it.

The Ctrl+R keys allow you to access the active drive again after replacing a floppy disk in it.

The command line is located below the panels and begins, as always, with a system prompt. Starting at the location of the cursor, you can enter the names of programs and operating system commands to execute. Note that the command line always works in the insert character mode before the cursor. Therefore, if a letter was missed when entering a command, then it is enough to move the cursor to this place and enter the missing characters.

All operations in Norton Commander are performed through a system of drop-down menus called by the F9 key. However, most of them are assigned hot keys, which are presented as a hint at the very bottom line of the screen. The numbers 1-10 mean the function keys F1-F10; next to each of them is briefly indicated the operation performed when pressed.

Norton Commander allows you to perform almost all operations available in MS-DOS with files, except for operations on the COPY command to merge files, set the date and time the copy was created.

To execute files with EXE, .COM, .BAT extensions, move the marker (cursor) to the required file and press Enter. The same operation can be performed through the MS-DOS command line by typing the name of the required file in it.

If you need to add parameters for an executable file, then after setting the marker to the desired file, you must press the Ctrl + Enter keys. As a result, the file name will be transferred to the command line, where the required parameters are added.

Entering an invalid DOS command or an invalid file name will result in a Bad command or file name message.

Copying one file is carried out as follows: the marker is placed on the file to be copied, and then the F5 key is pressed. As a result, a window appears on the screen. The top line indicates the name of the copied file, for example, choice.com, which cannot be changed from the keyboard. The second line indicates the directory that was selected at the time of copying in the passive panel; it will be copied to. The directory name can be changed. If you agree with the proposed copy path, press Enter. The copying process begins, during which an additional window displays what percentage of the file has been copied.

Copying a file whose name and path to which are entered from the keyboard is performed using the Shift + F5 keys. As a result, a window appears on the screen. The first line indicates that the file is being copied. On the second line, you can specify the name of the copied file. The third line contains the name of the directory where the copy will be made. When the required file and directory names have been entered, Enter must be pressed to begin copying.

Copying multiple files is performed as follows. The marker is sequentially brought to the names of the files to be copied, and the Insert key is pressed each time. When you press this key, the names of the selected files change the color of the image.

The same operation of selecting files can be performed using the mouse: by successively bringing the mouse to the required files and pressing the right key, select the necessary files.

When all files are selected, press F5; a window will appear on the screen. The window indicates that 8 files are being copied to the C:\WINDOWS directory, the name of which can be changed. In the same figure, in the background, you can see that the selected files are highlighted in green.

When copying any directory with nested subdirectories, you must select the Include subdirectories check box. Otherwise, only files will be copied, and subdirectories will remain highlighted after copying.

It should be noted that the group selection can be canceled by pressing the "-" key on the numeric part of the keyboard and Enter.

Renaming a file is done using the F6 key. To do this, the marker (cursor) is placed on the required file, F6 is pressed, a window appears on the screen. The rename window differs little from the copy window, except for specifying the rename operation. As in the case of copying, it is possible to rename the file using the Shift + F6 keys.

In Norton Commander, files are deleted by pressing the F8 or Shift+F8 key (the difference between these keys is similar to those discussed above). After pressing F8, a window appears on the screen. As in the case of copying files, it is possible to delete files in bulk using templates, as well as delete several files selected using the Insert key or the right mouse button. It is possible to delete any directory with subdirectories; To do this, you need to check the box including subdirectories.

Search for files in Norton Commander is invoked by pressing the Alt + F7 keys, after which the Search for file (s) window appears on the screen. It can be seen that you can enter the name of a specific file or a pattern of files to search. After pressing the Enter key, the search will begin and is carried out within the subdirectory of the active panel. As a result, a list of files matching the entered pattern is displayed on the screen. Using the cursor keys, you can select the file you are interested in and, by pressing Enter, appear in the directory where it is located.

Similar to MS-DOS commands, Norton Commander has a similar set of commands.

To create a directory in Norton Commander, use the F7 or Shift+F7 keys. As a result, a window appears on the screen. In the line where the cursor is located, enter the name of the directory to be created. If you specify a route, the directory can be organized anywhere.

Renaming a directory is done using the F6 or Shift+F6 keys. The window that appears on the display screen is similar to the catalog creation window.

To delete directories, use the F8 or Shift+F8 keys. It should be noted that directories are deleted according to DOS rules: the directories to be deleted must be empty, i.e. contain no subdirectories or files.

The menus "Left panel", "Right panel" provide work with subdirectories of the left and right panels, respectively. Let's take a closer look at the menu using the example of the left panel. The first group of commands controls the type of information displayed in the left panel.

Short format. Information about files in each panel can be presented briefly (only file names) and with additional data (date and time of creation, file size). If there is a checkmark in front of the Short format line, then only file names will be displayed in the panel.

Full format. In this case, the panel will display not only the names of the files, but also their size, as well as the date and time of creation.

State. When you select this command, the left panel will display information about the amount of RAM, free memory, total disk space, which is the current for the right panel, the size of the directory presented in the right panel.

Directory tree. All directories on the disk are represented in the form of a tree, through which you can get to the desired directory.

View. The left panel displays the contents of the file selected in the right panel. By moving through the files in the right panel, you can quickly view the contents of all files. If an executable file is selected in the right panel, then its name, purpose, checksum, and some other data are indicated in the left panel. If a directory is selected in the right pane, then its name and size are displayed in the left pane, including all nested subdirectories, as well as the number of subdirectories and files.

Connection. In an additional window, the communication port is specified, as well as the computer's operating mode: slave or master.

On off. Turns on or off the display of panels on the display screen.

The second group of commands is responsible for the order in which files are displayed in the panel. It is possible to sort files by name, extension, size or creation time of the file.

The third group contains the following commands:

Update panel. Useful when changing a disk, for example when changing a floppy disk in a disk drive.

Display files... The command is a kind of file display filter. You can view files by type or by attribute, as well as set the display of files by template.

Change drive… Allows you to select another drive in the panel.

The commands of the "Files" menu duplicate the operation of the function and other keys of the numeric part of the keyboard.

Reference Information. Displays an additional window containing help information about Norton Commander, commands, menus. Hot key F1.

Calling up the user menu. In Norton Commander, the user can create a menu himself, each item of which will be associated with the execution of certain DOS commands. Moreover, each menu item can have its own structure, i.e. submenu. The user menu turns out to be very convenient for quickly launching any program used on a daily basis. Hot key - F2.

View file. By pressing the F3 key, you can view the contents of the selected file. However, you cannot change anything in the file itself.

Editing a file. You can change anything in the file using the F4 key.

This invokes the built-in editor Norton Commander, which makes the necessary changes. It should be noted, however, that other text editors can also be used.

Copying a file/directory. As mentioned above, copying files or entire directories is done using the F5 key.

Renaming/moving. The operation of renaming files or directories is performed by pressing the F6 key.

Create a directory. The catalog creation operation discussed earlier can be performed using this menu item. Hotkey F7.

Deleting a file/directory. You can delete a file or directory using this menu item, or by pressing the F8 key.

Setting attributes. In the additional window, you can set the file attributes.

The next group of menu commands repeats the group selection of files that can be performed using the numeric keypad.

The last menu command is the Exit command. You can use it to exit Norton Commander. Hotkey F10.

The "Commands" menu contains some commands that are used quite rarely, but at the same time useful.

Directory tree. This command displays the directory tree of the current drive. Using this tree, you can quickly get into any directory.

Hotkey Alt-F10.

File search. It was said above that the required file can be found using the Alt-F7 key combination. The same operation is performed by selecting this menu item.

Command log. While running, Norton Commander keeps a record of all commands entered from the keyboard. If necessary, you can return to any command and execute it again. Hotkey Alt-F8.

The number of lines on the screen. When you select this menu item or press Alt-F9, the number of lines in each panel is doubled.

Information about the system. An additional window displays information about the computer: processor type, presence of a coprocessor, amount of memory, its use, and more.

Panel exchange. As noted earlier, pressing the Ctrl-U key combination causes the right and left panels to swap places. The same effect will be when selecting this menu item.

On/Off panels. The Ctrl-O keys turn both panels on or off at once. This menu item duplicates the operation.

Compare directories. This command compares the directories of the right and left panels. Those files that make up the difference between the panels are displayed in a different color.

Creating a user menu. The user menu was mentioned above (see the "files" menu). When you select this menu item, the system will prompt you to choose between the local and global user menus. After selection, the user himself creates a menu. The process of creating a menu is quite simple. The entire set of necessary commands is given as a hint in the prompt line. In particular, to create a new menu item, you need to press F6, in order to fix a certain menu item, press F4, and to delete - F8, the changed menu is saved using F2. You can always call for help by pressing F1.

Extension processing. By default, Norton Commander recognizes only three file formats: .exe, .com, .bat. However, it is possible to "teach" the program how to deal with other file extensions. In practice, this means that any non-executable file can be associated with an executable that will run and load the non-executable file.

The Settings menu allows you to create your own Norton Commander configuration.

Settings… In the additional window, you can configure the printer port, panels, screen saver, etc.

Editor... Three dots after the word "Editor" mean that when you select this menu item, an additional window will open in which you can select the desired parameters. In this case, an additional window indicates whether the editor built into Norton Commander or some other external one will be used.

Confirmation... In an additional window, you specify in which case to ask the user for confirmation of the operation being performed. You can request confirmation for copying, moving, deleting files, deleting subdirectories, shutting down.

Compression... Norton Commander can archive files. This menu item allows you to select the compression method and password.

Display menu on startup. When you start Norton Commander, the user menu is automatically enabled.

Path on the command line. If there is a checkmark on the left, this means that the command line will display not only the DOS prompt in the form of the current drive and the > sign, but also the entire path to the current directory.

Control Panel. Turns the tooltip on or off. Hotkey Ctrl-B.

Full Screen. Switches the size of panels: half screen or full screen.

Summary line. Enables or disables a string indicating which file or directory is selected. For group selection, the number of files and their total size.

Clock. Turns the clock in the corner of the screen on or off.

Task 2

a) Convert the numbers 618.334 and -858.834 from decimal to binary, octal and hexadecimal

245.981 10 = 1152.25300406 8 = 26A.558106 16 = 1001101010.010101 2

858.834 10 = -1532.653004 8 = -35A.D5810624 16 = -1101011010.11010101 2

b) Convert the numbers 11100011.10111 and -10101010.10011 from binary to decimal, octal and hexadecimal.

11100011.10111 2 = 227.71875 10 = 343.56 8 = E3.B8 16

10101010.10011 2 = -170.59375 10 = -252.46 8 = -AA.98 16

c) represent numbers in fixed point form

8.682E+03= 8682

3.449E-02 \u003d 0.3449 * 10 -6

2.451E + 04 \u003d -24510

9.826E-0.1 = 0.9826

Task 3

Record the path to the following files:

setup.exe from a folder Setup

D:\Setup\setup.exe

photo.tif from a folder Work

D:\ Mguk \ Work \photo.tif

All files

*.*

All files without extension

*.

TASK 4

To complete the assignment on this issue, it is necessary to develop an advertising sheet on a given topic in the Microsoft Word word processor. The document must contain: text, curly text, figure, table. Topic - "Advertising sheet of a house-building plant with a description of 3 apartments of new houses for sale"