What do the keys on a computer keyboard mean? Keyboard keys Keyboard in Word description of keys

The keyboard with which we type text has quite a few keys. And each of them is needed for something. In this lesson we will talk about their purpose and learn how to use them correctly.

Here is a photo of a regular computer keyboard:

Keyboard button meanings

Esc. The full name of this key is Escape (pronounced "Escape") and it means "Exit". Using it we can close some programs. This applies to a greater extent to computer games.

F1-F12. In the same row as Esc there are several buttons whose names begin with the Latin letter F. They are designed to control the computer without the help of a mouse - only with the keyboard. Thanks to them, you can open and close folders and files, change their names, copy and much more.

But knowing the meaning of each of these buttons is completely unnecessary - most people have been using computers for decades and have no idea about any of them.

Immediately below the F1-F12 keys there is a row of buttons with numbers and signs (! " " No.; % : ? *, etc.).

If you simply click on one of them, the drawn number will be printed. But to print a sign, press the Shift button along with it (bottom left or right).

If the character printed is not the one you need, try changing the language (bottom right of the screen) -

By the way, on many keyboards the numbers are also on the right side. The photo shows this part separately.

They are laid out exactly like on a calculator and are more convenient for many people.

But sometimes these numbers don’t work. You press the desired key, but nothing is printed. This means that the numeric portion of the keyboard is turned off. To turn it on, simply press the Num Lock button once.

The most important part of the keyboard is the keys that are used to type text. They are located in the center.

As a rule, each button has two letters - one foreign, the other Russian. To type a letter in the desired language, make sure it is selected correctly (at the bottom of the computer screen).

You can also change the language in another way - by clicking on two buttons at once: Shift And Alt or Shift And Ctrl

Win. The key that opens the Start button. Most often, it is not signed, but simply has a Windows icon on it. Located between the Ctrl and Alt buttons.

Fn. The laptop has this key - as a rule, it is not found on regular keyboards. It is designed to work with special functions - increasing/decreasing brightness, volume and others.

To turn them on, you need to press the Fn key and, while holding it, press the button with the required function. These buttons are usually located at the top - at F1-F10.

Let's say I need to increase the brightness of my laptop screen. To do this, I look for a button on the keyboard with the corresponding picture. For example, I have F6 - there is a sun drawn on it. So, I hold down the Fn key and then press F6. The screen becomes a little brighter. To increase the brightness even more, I press F6 again along with Fn.

How to print a capital letter

To print one large letter (capital), you need to hold down the Shift key and click on the desired letter together.

How to type a period and a comma

If the Russian alphabet is installed, then in order to print point, you need to press the last key in the bottom letter row (on the right). It is located in front of the Shift button.

To print comma, press the same button while holding Shift.

When the English alphabet is selected, to print a dot you need to press the key that is located before the Russian dot. The letter "Y" is usually written on it. And the comma in the English alphabet is where the Russian letter “B” is (before the English dot).

Text decoration buttons

Tab - creates an indent at the beginning of a sentence. In other words, you can use it to make a paragraph (red line).

To do this, click the mouse at the beginning of the text and press the Tab key once. If the red line is adjusted correctly, the text will move slightly to the right.

Used for printing large letters. Located under the Tab key.

Press Caps Lock once and release it. Try typing a word. All letters will be printed in capitals. To cancel this feature, press the Caps Lock key once again and release it. Letters, as before, will be printed small.

(space) - makes spaces between words. The longest button on the keyboard is located under the letter keys.

According to the design rules, there should be only one space between words (not three or even two). It is not correct to align or shift text using this key. Also, a space is placed only after a punctuation mark - there should be no space before a space sign (with the exception of a dash).

Delete button. It erases those letters that are printed in front of the flashing stick (cursor). It is located on the right side, immediately after the numbers/signs. Often there is no inscription on it at all, but simply an arrow drawn to the left.

The Backspace button is also used to raise text higher.

Enter - is intended to go to the next line.

Thanks to her, you can omit the text below. Enter is located under the delete text button.

Additional keys

These are keys such as Insert, Home, Page Up and Page Down, arrow buttons and others. They are located between the alphabetic and numeric keyboards. Used to work with text without using the mouse.

You can use the arrows to move the blinking cursor (flashing stick) across the text.

Delete is used to delete. True, unlike the Backspace key, it deletes letters not before, but after the blinking cursor.

The Home button moves the blinking cursor to the beginning of the line, and the End button moves it to the end.

Page Up moves the blinking cursor to the beginning of the page, and Page Down (Pg Dn) moves the blinking cursor to the end of the page.

The Insert button is needed to print text over existing text. If you click on it, new text will be printed, erasing the old one. To cancel this, you need to press the Insert key again.

The Scroll Lock key is almost always completely useless - it simply doesn't work. And in theory it should serve to scroll text up and down - just like the wheel on a computer mouse does.

Pause/Break almost never works either. In general, it is designed to suspend an ongoing computer process.

All of these buttons are optional and are rarely or never used by people.

But the button can be very useful.

She takes a photo of the screen. Then this picture can be inserted into Word or Paint. In computer language, such a photograph of the screen is called a screenshot.

Keyboard buttons to remember

— if you press this button and, without releasing it, press another key with a letter, the letter will be printed in capital. In the same way, you can print a symbol instead of a number: No! () * ? « + etc.

— after pressing this button once, all letters will be printed in capital letters. You don't need to hold it for this. To return to printing in small letters, press Caps Lock again.

— indents (red line).

- space. Using this button you can add space between words.

- drops to a line below. To do this, you need to place a flashing stick (blinking cursor) at the beginning of the part of the text that you want to move down, and press the Enter button.

— deletes the character before the blinking cursor. In other words, it erases text. This button also moves the text up a line. To do this, you need to place a flashing stick (blinking cursor) at the beginning of the part of the text that you want to move to the top, and press Backspace.

All other keyboard buttons, except letters, numbers and symbols, are used extremely rarely or not at all.

You and I have already learned. Now it's time to learn the keyboard. In order to write a letter or a request in an Internet search engine, we cannot do without a keyboard. In addition, if your mouse does not work, you can use the keyboard. It is enough to know a few simple commands. Real programmers and hackers don't use a mouse at all. For them, the main instrument is the keyboard. Perhaps you, too, will work like this someday, but for now we will learn the basics of working on the keyboard.

Key layout

The entire keyboard, depending on its functions, can be visually divided into several groups:

Function keys (F1-F12)- used to perform special tasks. If you press the same key again, the action is canceled. F1 key - opens help for the program you are currently in;
Alphanumeric- These are keys with letters, numbers, punctuation marks and symbols.
Control keys- These include keys HOME,END,PAGEU.P.PAGEDOWNDELETE And INSERT.
Cursor keys– used to move the cursor around documents, web pages, edit text, etc. Control keys (modifiers) (Ctrl,Alt,CapsLockWin,Fn) - used in various combinations and individually.
Number keys– for quickly entering numbers.
Edit keys– Backspace, Delete.

Keyboard layouts may vary slightly. Often modern keyboards also have multimedia keys. Such as turning the sound on/off, volume control, going to the mailbox, etc.

Keyboard key assignments

Each key performs a specific action:

Spacebar- the longest key on the keyboard. It is located at the very bottom in the middle. In addition to its main function, do
space between words, it also deletes the “selected” object.
Esc- cancels the last action (closes unnecessary windows).
Print Screen-takes a screenshot. This screenshot can be pasted into Word or Paint. This photograph of the screen is called a “screenshot”. This key also prints the contents of the screen.
Scroll Lock- serves to scroll information up and down, but this button does not work on all computers.
Pause/Break-suspends the current computer process, but also does not work on all computers.
Insert- serves to print text on top of what has already been printed. If you press this key, new text will be printed, erasing the old one. To cancel this action, you must press the Insert key again.
Delete(on the keyboard it is often abbreviated Del) - deletion. Deletes characters located to the right side of the blinking cursor. Deletes “selected” objects (lines of text, folders, files).
Home- go to the beginning of the filled line.
End- jump to the end of the filled line.
Page Up- turns the page forward.
Page Down- turns the page back.
Backspace- deletes characters located to the left of the blinking cursor while typing text. And it returns to the previous page in browsers and in Explorer windows, replacing the “back” arrow in the upper left corner.
Tab- tab stops the cursor at a specific location on a line.
Caps Lock- switch between upper and lower case letters.
Shift- briefly pressing this key gives a capital letter. In order to type a capital letter, you must first press the Shift key and hold it down while pressing the desired letter. The Shift key can be pressed both on the right and on the left, whichever is more convenient for you.
Alt- to switch to the opposite language (from English to Russian and vice versa) – you need to press the Alt key and without releasing it the Shift key. Pressing and holding the AltGr (right Alt) key is used to move to the second level of the keyboard.
Ctrl- right and left. Opens up additional program features.
Nut Look– includes an additional numeric keypad.
Enter- information input key, confirms the command “yes”, or moves to the next line.
Cursor keys - (up), (down), (right),
(left). Using these arrows, you can move not only through the text you are typing, but also through open pages of sites and programs.

"Hotkeys

You've probably heard this expression. " Hot“They are called because when you press a combination of these keys, you can quickly call up some program or menu.

Each program has its own set of such keys. There is no need to memorize them. If you constantly work in some program, then it makes sense to memorize them. We will gradually study many of these combinations.

In many program windows, when you open any menu, next to a particular command, keyboard shortcuts are indicated for calling the same command.

Keyboard shortcuts

Typically such combinations are indicated with the sign + (plus). For example, Win+E. This means that you must first press the key Win, and then the key E.

The letters are meant to be Latin, regardless of what layout you have at the moment.

The most necessary actions on the keyboard

In order to switch to another language, you must press the key simultaneously Shift + Alt or Shift + Ctrl.
To print capital letter, you must hold down the key Shift and click on the desired letter.
To print all text in capital letters only, press Caps Lock and let go. And to switch back to small letters, press this key again.
To type a comma, you must press the key Shift and the comma key. They are usually nearby, on the right.
The point in the English layout is located next to, to the left of the point in the Russian layout.
To quickly call up the menu Start, you can press the key Win. It usually has a window icon (Windows logo) on it.
Key Fn designed for laptop. If you press it and any of the keys F1- F10 , you can enable or disable additional features. Usually on the keys F1- F10 there is a little icon drawn that shows what exactly this key does.

For now, this knowledge about the keyboard is enough for you. Find each key on your keyboard and try it out.

And what is it for?! You already know. Now we need to talk about the purpose of the keyboard keys. After all, the keyboard, figuratively speaking, is an intermediary between you and the computer, a tool for interacting with a smart assistant. By pressing keys, you send commands to the computer to execute.

Hence the conclusion: when you know the purpose and combinations of keys, working on a computer becomes easier and more enjoyable.

Key assignment:

— the service key stops or cancels the last action. For example, if a web page takes a long time to load, you can press ESC to stop loading.

F1—F12. reserved for specialized functions in programs. Therefore, the execution of the function in different programs may differ. For example, the F5 key in the Microsoft Word text editor performs the “Find and Replace” function, and in the Total Commander file manager the same key performs the “Copy” function. But we can say with confidence that the key F1 opens the file in all programs Reference.

Tab used to create indents ( Red line) in programs for working with texts. Also, if you are filling out tables or forms, you can use the Tab key to move to the next field.

— performs the function of changing case (CAPITAL LETTERS). When you press this key, the indicator above the numeric keypad lights up, further typing will be done in capital letters. Pressing this key again disables the " Capital letters", the indicator above the numeric keypad goes out.

Shift – Function keys are used in conjunction with other keys. As you can see, there are two shift keys on the keyboard, left and right. The purpose of these keys is absolutely the same, and their location on the keyboard is determined by ease of typing touch printing.

Now let me explain, say, when you are typing text and you need to put an exclamation mark, it is most convenient to hold down the shift key with the little finger of your right hand, and press key 1 with the little finger of your left hand. The shift key is also involved in many key combinations, for example, entering a capital letter, punctuation mark, performing specialized program functions, and so on.

Control (Ctrl), Alternate (Alt) — control keys are designed to work in combination with other keys. Typically, you hold down the Ctrl, Alt key, and then press another key to perform a specific task. For example, in many programs, the combination Ctrl+S- will save the file.

The main part of the keyboard includes alphanumeric typing keys (letters and numbers) and space.

Enter– confirmation of the action. For example, while on the Internet, you can enter a website address and then press Enter to go to the site. It is also used to start a new line in text editors. Enter on the numeric keypad has the same purpose and is often used when performing mathematical calculations, say in a calculator application, to obtain a result.

– in a text editor, erases characters to the left of the cursor. And in the browser it allows you to return to the previous page.

Delete(Del) – in a text editor, erases characters to the right of the cursor. Performs the delete function in file managers.

— enable/disable the “insert-replace” mode. The key is practically not used, but it can play a cruel joke. If you accidentally press this key while working in a text editor, you will switch it from “insert” mode to “replace” mode. After that, if you make a mistake in a word, you will want to correct it. Having corrected the error, you will find that the symbol to the right of the cursor has disappeared! You try to enter it again, but the next character to the right of the cursor will disappear. This will happen until you press the insert key again. Not knowing about this key, some people, because of one typo, retyped the entire remaining text.

Cursor keys

Home - moves the cursor to the beginning of the current line.

End— moves the cursor to the end of the current line.

Page Up/Page Down— page-by-page viewing of the document up or down.

Arrow keys are used for many different purposes, including move cursor, scrolling a document, or game control.

Auxiliary keys

Print Screen takes a screenshot - a so-called “screenshot”, which can be edited or saved using a graphics processing program (graphics editor).

Scroll Lock vertical scrolling, rarely used today.

Pause/Break performs the pause function, often used in combination with the Win key.

Win– serves to call the Start menu, and is also used in combination with other keys to call functions of the Windows operating system.

The key calls up a context menu (equivalent to pressing the right mouse button).

Enables/disables the numeric keypad. After switching on, the indicator lights up. When the numeric keypad is turned off, the keys perform the functions of the keys labeled on them.

Keyboard shortcuts

A key combination is when you hold down one or two keys and briefly press a third. For example, Ctrl+S, where the plus indicates a key combination. That is, you press and hold the Ctrl key, and then briefly press the S key. The plus in this entry serves to indicate a key combination and is not pressed in its execution.

When working with files and documents:

Ctrl+N– create a new file;

Ctrl+O– open the document;

Ctrl+A- select all;

Shift+Home– select the line to the left of the cursor;

Ctrl+End– select the line to the right of the cursor;

Ctrl+C– copy selected text or file to the clipboard;

Ctrl+X – cut selected text or file;

Ctrl+V– paste the contents of the clipboard;

Ctrl+Del– delete the word behind the cursor;

Ctrl+Backspace– delete the word before the cursor;

Ctrl+Home– move the cursor to the beginning of the document;

Ctrl+End– move the cursor to the end of the document;

Ctrl+Z– cancel the last action;

Ctrl+P- seal;

When working with a browser:

Ctrl+D– add a bookmark in the browser;

Ctrl + Shift + T– open a closed tab in the browser;

Ctrl+T– open a new tab;

Ctrl+L– highlight the contents of the address bar;

When working on Windows:

Ctrl + Shift + Esc– terminate frozen processes;

Shift+Ctrl+Alt– call the task manager;

Alt+Tab– quick transition between program windows;

Alt+F4– quickly close the window;

Alt + Print Screen– take a screenshot of the active window;

Win+Pause/Break– property of the system;

Win+E– open explorer;

Win+D– minimize all windows;

Win+F– search for files on your computer;

Win+L– change of user;

Win+F1- reference;

Win+Tab– switches windows in a circle.

And there are many such key combinations, and in different programs these combinations often differ from each other, but you will easily remember them if you often work with the software product.

Hello to all blog readers. Tell me, friends, have you ever wondered what great functionality a keyboard contains? Most people do not even suspect that with its help you can perform actions that can facilitate and. Isn’t it sad that application developers sit and spend hours every day writing commands that assign useful functions to key combinations, but only a few use these combinations.

So, it seems to me that the time has come to correct this oversight, so that the work will be easier, and the work of the developers will not be in vain. In this article I will try to explain in detail how to use the keyboard on a laptop. Agree, not everyone knows what, for example, the “pg dn” button is needed for. But there are still a lot of such buttons, and they all carry some useful function. Let’s figure it out together today exactly what functions they contain. For clarity, I have posted below two photographs of keyboards: with and without a number pad. They are most often found in laptop designs.

Keyboard with number pad

Keyboard without number pad

Entering text information

Entering numerical information

Any keyboard contains numbers in the top row, but typing numbers from it is not always convenient. It is more common to work with the button layout as on a calculator, so the keyboards have an additional numeric pad.

The first step is to learn how to turn on the digital panel, although it should be said right away that it is not available in all laptop models, but now it is a rarity and, as a rule, is found in almost every laptop computer.

To better understand how to include numbers, we will use two keyboards from different laptops (for clarity), one with a built-in Numpad, and the other without it.

A laptop with a digital pad (see the picture at the beginning of the article). To activate it, click on “Numlock”.
A laptop without a number pad (picture below).

If you don’t have it, then you can use an additional one, although this was provided by laptop manufacturers. When you turn on " Numlk"On a laptop keyboard without a separate number pad, certain symbol keys begin to play its role. You can see this in the next photo.

Red circles show what will be printed on the screen when " Numlk».

On keyboards, the numeric keypad activation mode is usually signaled by an LED indicator. Try pressing the " Numlk" or " Num Lock» Observe which indicator indicates this mode on your keyboard.

Function keys

This section will be entirely devoted to an overview of the main functional buttons that are used on the computer, and we will also talk in detail about the purpose of these keys.

"Scroll lock"

This button is almost never used today, at least for me. When disabled, it does not perform any functions other than changing the position of the cursor, and when enabled, it makes the mouse cursor move the screen itself, for example, it moves the page in the browser without any clicks.

"Break"

When translated from English, you can understand that the main function of this button is to stop or cancel some action.

"Insert"

It is also at the stage of extinction, since the combination “Ctrl + C” and “Ctrl + V” has long been used instead. You may have already guessed about its function, and if so, its function was to copy and paste files and folders. Most often it is used in conjunction with “Ctrl” and “Shift”. If used together with the first key, the “copy” command will be issued, and if used together with the second, the “paste” command will be initialized.

"Fn"

Now let's talk about the button, which today is a universal solution for all laptops. Its essence lies in the fact that, when combined with different keys, it is capable of turning on and off different hardware parts of the laptop and changing their states. Its functionality is best seen in combinations with f1... f12. Take a closer look at the icons next to the names of these keys; they are highlighted in the same color as the “Fn” button. Using them you can understand what will happen when used together with “Fn”.

Below is a series of functional buttons with icons; they may be different on your laptop. Let's look at their purpose.

Pressing together with the " key Fn":

F1 - enable or disable computer sleep mode
F2 - enable or disable the WiFi module on the laptop
F5 - decrease monitor screen brightness
F6 -increase monitor screen brightness
F7 - turn off the monitor
F8 - switching display modes between the laptop monitor and an external device - a second monitor or projector
F9 - disable the touchpad when using a computer mouse
F10 - mute sound
F11 -decrease sound volume
F12 - increase sound volume

"Page up" and "Page down"

Translated from English, “page” means page, and “up, down” means top, bottom. These buttons are used to scroll the visible part of the screen exactly to the height of the application window being viewed in the operating system. But today the mouse wheel is more often used for this purpose.

"Win"

This button on the keyboard is presented in the form of a logo, a flag in a circle. Also designated as “win”. Used to activate the start menu, which in turn serves as one of the ways to launch various kinds of programs. Also, in some applications it is used in combination with others in order to activate or launch some additional option or function.

For example, Win+L - blocks the computer. To continue, you must enter the user password.

"Del"

I think it’s not worth talking a lot about the “del” button, that is, “delete”, since it is immediately clear that it is used to delete various files and folders.

Some keys were omitted, such as "Ctrl", "Alt" and "Tab" due to the fact that they are ordinary keys for combinations and do not perform any important functions themselves. Although “Tab” performs different functions: switching between items in system windows, tabulating in a word processor. But for all the time I’ve been using the computer, I rarely used it, only “Alt” + “Tab” - switching between windows.

Here's a little reminder. I hope this article was useful to you. If so, then share it with your friends on social networks (buttons below) and subscribe to blog updates. See you in new blog articles.

PS: Interesting facts about the keyboard

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Have you ever wondered why different users spend different amounts of time on the same operations in Windows? And the point here is not the speed of using the mouse - it’s just that some people use the so-called Hotkeys(replacing several mouse actions), others, on the contrary, do everything with the mouse (edit/copy, edit/paste, etc.).

Many users do not attach importance to keyboard shortcuts (note: several keys pressed simultaneously on the keyboard) , meanwhile, with their use, the speed of work can be increased significantly! In general, there are hundreds of different keyboard shortcuts in Windows, there is no point in memorizing and considering them all, but I will give the most convenient and necessary ones in this article. I recommend it for use!

Note: In the various key combinations below you will see a “+” sign - you do not need to press it. The plus in this case indicates that the keys must be pressed simultaneously! The most useful hotkeys are marked in green.

Keyboard shortcuts with ALT:

Alt+Tab or Alt + Shift + Tab- window switching, i.e. make the next window active;
ALT+D- selecting text in the browser address bar (usually, then use the combination Ctrl+C - copy the selected text);
Alt+Enter- look at “Object properties”;
Alt+F4- close the window you are currently working with;
Alt + Space(Space is the space key) - calls the window system menu;
Alt + PrtScr- take a screenshot of the active window.

Keyboard shortcuts with Shift:

Shift + LMB(LMB = left mouse button) - selecting several files or a piece of text (just hold down Shift, place the cursor in the right place and move the mouse - files or part of the text will be selected. Very convenient!);
Shift + Ctrl + Home- select to the beginning of the text (from the cursor);
Shift + Ctrl + End- select to the end of the text (from the cursor);
Pressed Shift button- CD-ROM autorun blocking, the button must be held while the drive reads the inserted disc;
Shift+Delete- deleting a file bypassing the trash (be careful with this :));
Shift + ←- text selection;
Shift + ↓- text selection (to select text, files - the Shift button can be combined with any arrows on the keyboard).

Keyboard shortcuts with Ctrl:

Ctrl + LMB(LMB = left mouse button) - selecting individual files, individual pieces of text;
Ctrl+A- select the entire document, all files, in general, everything that is on the screen;
Ctrl+C- copy selected text or files (similar to the edit/copy explorer);
Ctrl+V- paste copied files, text (similar to edit/paste in Explorer);
Ctrl+X- cut a selected piece of text or selected files;
Ctrl+S- save the document;
Ctrl + Alt + Delete (or Ctrl + Shift + Esc) - opening the “Task Manager” (for example, if you want to close an “unclosed” application or see which application is loading the processor);
Ctrl+Z- cancel the operation (if, for example, you accidentally deleted a piece of text, just press this combination. In applications whose menu does not indicate this option, mail always supports it);
Ctrl+Y- cancel the operation Ctrl + Z;
Ctrl+Esc- opening/closing the Start menu;
Ctrl+W- close the browser tab;
Ctrl+T- open a new tab in the browser;
Ctrl + N- open a new window in the browser (if it is running in any other program, a new document will be created);
Ctrl+Tab- moving through browser/program tabs;
Ctrl + Shift + Tab- reverse operation from Ctrl + Tab;
Ctrl+R- refreshing a page in the browser or program window;
Ctrl + Backspace- deleting a word in the text (deletes from the left);
Ctrl + Delete- deleting a word (deletes from the right);
Ctrl + Home- moving the cursor to the beginning of the text/window;
Ctrl+End- moving the cursor to the end of the text/window;
Ctrl+F- search in the browser;
Ctrl+D- add a page to favorites (in the browser);
Ctrl + I- show the favorites bar in the browser;
Ctrl+H- log of visits in the browser;
Ctrl + mouse wheel up/down - increasing or decreasing the size of elements on the browser page/window.

Keyboard shortcuts with Win:

Win+D- minimize all windows, the desktop will be shown;
Win+E- opening “My Computer” (Explorer);
Win+R- opening the “Run…” window, very useful for launching some programs (more details about the list of commands here:)
Win+F- opening a search window;
Win+F1- opening a help window in Windows;
Win+L- blocking the computer (convenient when you need to move away from the computer, but strangers may come nearby and see your files and work);
Win+U- opening the accessibility center (for example, magnifier, keyboard);
Win+Tab- switch between applications in the taskbar.

A few other useful buttons:

PrtScr- take a screenshot of the entire screen (everything you see on the screen will be placed in the buffer. To get a screenshot, open Paint and paste the image there: Ctrl+V buttons);
F1- help, user manual (works in most programs);
F2- renaming the selected file;
F5- updating a window (for example, a tab in a browser);
F11- full screen mode;
Del- delete the selected object to the trash;
Win- open the START menu;
Tab- activates another element, moving to another tab;
Esc- closing dialog boxes, exiting the program.

Actually, that's all for me. I recommend that you remember the most useful keys, marked in green, and use them everywhere, in any program. Thanks to this, you won’t even notice how you will work faster and more efficiently!

By the way, the listed combinations work in all popular Windows: 7, 8, 10 (most of them also in XP). Thanks in advance for the additions to the article. Good luck to all!