Download the animator program. TOP programs for creating GIF-animation. Programs for creating GIF on a computer

Creating animation is an easy and interesting task.
Most users social networks use simple animation in their accounts. One moving picture can replace several words, convey your thoughts and mood to the guests. Often, gif-animation is used in avatars - a semantic image of the page owner.

An attempt to copy an animated image does not always end successfully, most often the animation disappears and the picture becomes an ordinary static photo. When saving such pictures, the format should be .gif.
To create such an animation, knowledge is required graphic programs. It will not be difficult to master the work in them with a great desire. A few hours at the monitor, and you will be proud of your work.
The simplest animation can be created in online services. Better quality, in serious programs with installation on a computer.

Consider a small overview of programs that a beginner gif animator can master.

Create gif animation from video

The program converts video files into animation. Has great potential. It is not difficult to work, the program is Russian-speaking, and this greatly reduces the time for exploring all the possibilities. Upload any video and start creating animation.

We go to the site and download. Install the program on the PC. We open.

The program will be in English. To change the language, click "View" and then as in the picture.

Loading video. Press Ctrl + Shift + V - Windows Explorer opens, select video.

At the bottom, with a slider, we mark the beginning of the GIF animation. And at the top we make a start mark by clicking on the start button (the arrow looks to the left).

At the bottom, mark the end of the animation with a slider. And press the end button (the arrow points to the right).

Then click on the extract gif button at the top (the button has a blue down arrow).

Processing is in progress.

Click on the save file button and save the file to your computer. Here's what we got.

Naturally, here it is told how to make the simplest GIF animation. The program allows you to embed various effects.

Easy GIF Animator

Has extensive functionality. There are paid and free version. Excellent technical support will always answer all your questions, and there is also a forum on the site. You can read the animation gurus' tips and get answers to your questions from the moderators.

GIF Movie Gear

The program will allow you to create small pictures and banners of different parameters. For owners of blogs and websites: the program can create a favicon and small animation arrows.

Create gif animation from photos

Creating animation is fun. Be sure to use several programs, and you will find the one that will produce the most attractive live pictures. Almost everyone eventually comes to Adobe editor Photoshop. In the latest versions of the program, you can make almost cartoons. There are many lessons on the net, initially the program was developed for processing photos, over time it has become a rather chic working program for designers and architects.

But we are just learning and we will start not with a Photoshop monster, but with a simpler editor, for example, a free t. It does not matter in which editor to make frames (pictures)

We start creating. Let's prepare the pictures first.
1. All pictures must have the same parameters, size, resolution.
2.Everything is saved as gif files. That's what animation stands for.
3. It is desirable to number all pictures. You can give a name to each layer, but with numbering, there will be less confusion. Those. the simplest is to give digital file names and they will scroll in this order, for example, 1.gif 2.gif 3/gif, etc.

For example, like this:

Everything is ready. We send all the pictures to the UnFREEz editor, it is quite simple and a beginner can easily handle it.

Gif animation is well known to those who deal with the creation of banners and various moving elements. Almost every Internet user at least once met an animated moving picture in the form of an advertisement or part of a site. Benefits of GIF animation obvious: a movable bright element is able to attract much more attention and embody almost any designer's idea. But what is Gif animation, and what does it consist of? How to make a GIF? What program can be used to create Gif animation? What are the benefits of our free Gif Animator software?

Gif format: features and benefits

Gif file combines several images that are displayed in a certain sequence and eventually form an animated element. Therefore, to create a Gif animation, do not rush to immediately turn to our free Gif Animator program - first prepare a set of pictures from which your moving image will be created, and clearly think over the essence of what you want to get in the end.

• The procedure for placing a Gif animation on the web is no different from placing a non-animated image - a regular Gif.
• The free animated image that you decide to create with the Gif Animator program on our website does not require any additional plugins to view.
• Due to compression when creating a Gif, the animation ends up being small.
• Once a Gif is created, the animation can be cached. There is no need to re-apply to the server. Just like working with an animated Gif image, you do not need to reconnect with the server.
• Deciding with our free online programs Gif Animator to create an animated image, later you can simply place it on the page - for this you do not need to use any programming techniques.

How to make free animation in Gif Animator?

Unfortunately, there are not so many specialized programs that allow you to quickly, efficiently, and most importantly, create Gif animation online for free. That is why we offer you our unique product - the Gif Animator program, with which you can create any moving picture with minimal time.

• select the necessary images to create a free Gif animation;
• download them in the order in which you want to see them as a result;
• click "Create Gif".

To get much more opportunities to work with free online program for creating animated images Gif Animator - just register on our website!

Creating animation is quite a difficult task. For the solution of which specialized programs are needed. In this article, we will look at a number of paid and free programs to create animation. From simple programs that create gif animation from ready-made pictures to powerful and professional tools for creating cartoons.

Paid programs for creating animation

There are many more paid programs of this kind. In this article, we will consider only a few of the simplest ones.

is a paid program for creating animations in *.gif format. Easy GIF Animator allows you to quickly create animated banners, buttons or avatars. The developers have provided almost all the functions that you may need when creating animation. In this program, the user can control all the parameters of the gif file. For example, when creating an animation, you can specify the delay between frames, the duration of the animation, and the color palette. In addition, Easy GIF Animator allows you to add text and various effects to the animation. The result of the work can be saved in SWF (flash), AVI and GIF formats.

While wandering through the vast expanses of the World Wide Web, the eyes of surfers are pleased with the abundance of various animated objects: shimmering, moving, shimmering with all the colors of the rainbow, gradually appearing, smoothly changing their size, etc. Their task is to revive the Web page, make it original and memorable. A special place among moving objects is occupied by animated gifs, and this is understandable, since, on the one hand, animation in the Animation GIF format can be easily and quickly created using appropriate programs, and on the other hand, animated gifs are small and therefore do not lead to significant slowdown in loading web pages.

GIF animation uses the ability of this format to store several images in a file - animated gifs are a series of frames that quickly replace each other, due to which the animation effect is achieved. Frames, such as independent images or separate layers of one image, can be created in any graphics package - in Adobe Photoshop, Jasc Paint Shop Pro, etc. But turning them into an animated gif file containing not only all the original images, but also data about the speed of their output to the screen, the palette used, the sound, etc. (and in a highly compressed form), is already carried out with the help of special programs. Today, thanks to the widespread use of the Animation GIF format in Web design, the number of such programs is very large.

Classification of programs for creating gif-animations

By and large, all programs for creating animated gifs can be divided into three groups. The first includes popular two-dimensional graphics packages that are primarily focused on working with two-dimensional raster graphics and at the same time allow you to create files in the Animation GIF format due to the corresponding utilities that supplement them. The most popular of these are Adobe Photoshop with ImageReady included, Jasc Paint Shop Pro with Animation Shop included, and Ulead PhotoImpact with GIF Animator. The main advantage of the applications of this group is that the animation program is closely linked to the corresponding graphics package and therefore it is possible to quickly switch between the animator program and the graphic editor, if necessary, correct the image. This is convenient only if you understand all the intricacies of working with such packages (all of them, especially Adobe Photoshop, require serious preparation). For this reason, this option is more suitable for professionals, and for beginners it is better to choose one of the programs of the second group.

The second group includes packages designed exclusively for creating animated gifs. As a rule, they have limited drawing capabilities, so the source images for animation are created in any of the graphics packages - these gif animators are not tied to a specific graphic application. Moreover, it is not at all necessary to choose complex packages for work, such as Adobe Photoshop, Jasc Paint Shop Pro and Ulead PhotoImpact. The ability to use a familiar graphics package can be considered the main advantage of gif-animators from this group. In addition, independent programs for developing animated gifs have small distributions, so they can be easily purchased via the Internet. And finally, most of the applications in this group are very simple, so they can be quickly mastered.

The third group is formed by programs focused on creating 3D graphics (for example, 3D Studio Max) and at the same time allowing you to create animation in the Animation GIF format (usually due to a special plug-in, often included in the delivery). Graphic 3D programs are convenient because they do not require frame-by-frame drawing - usually, to create a gif file, it is enough to give the object some kind of cyclic action, such as rotation around an axis, record the resulting animation as a series of frames and export it to an animated gif. However, there is one “but” - traditional programs for working with three-dimensional graphics require deep professional knowledge and are difficult to use. But do not despair! If you need to create, for example, an animated 3D logo, then you can get by with the Xara3D program, which, although it is positioned to work with 3D graphics, can also create animated gifs and is very easy to use.

Let's add that to the group software products, focused solely on creating animated gifs, includes packages that can also be used to create three-dimensional animated buttons and logos, although they will turn out to be not as spectacular as when using the Xara3D program.

Gif animation programs included in popular 2D graphics packages

Developer: Ulead Systems Inc.

Distribution size: 11 MB

Distribution method: ftp://ftp.ulead.com/pub/Trial/GifAni/UGA5TBYB_E_USG.exe)

Price: as part of Ulead PhotoImpact 10.0 package - $89.99; separately - $49.95

Work under control: Windows 95/98/Me/NT/2000/XP

Ulead GIF Animator is part of the Ulead PhotoImpact graphics package, but can also be used standalone to create animated gifs based on images created in any graphics package. Thanks to a convenient and intuitive interface and rich features, this program is considered today one of the most convenient and functional gif animators and saves a lot of time for a web designer, because it can recognize changes made in external editors (PhotoImpact, Photoshop or Paint Shop Pro), and automatically update the corresponding frames in the animation. Animated drawing can be exported to PhotoImpact (UFO) or Photoshop (PSD) format with layering preserved. In addition, you can select any layer of a picture created in PhotoImpact, Photoshop or Paint Shop Pro as a separate object for GIF Animator.

The program provides a rich set of composition, editing, special effects, optimization and export tools. Dynamic animation of layered drawings based on a full-color object-oriented model makes it easy to manipulate multiple objects in a drawing and quickly create multi-object animations, while dynamic updating of images created in external editors sets a new standard for integration. The Animation Wizard simplifies the placement of images on the workspace and allows you to instantly evaluate the quality of the created animation based on its demo display in the preview window. The Object Manager helps you keep track of all the objects in a drawing, while the tweening functions automate the animation process by generating intermediate positions for selected objects.

Ulead GIF Animator features include text animation and over 130 animation effects. The advanced methods of image compression implemented in the program make it possible to achieve a significant reduction in the size of animation files, automatic generation of HTML code significantly speeds up the insertion process ready-made animations into a web page, and support for exporting to various formats, including Flash, AVI, MPEG and QuickTime, makes the program even more attractive.

Developer: Adobe Systems Incorporated

Distribution size: Photoshop CS bundle with ImageReady CS: Macintosh version 248.5 MB, Windows version 151.6 MB

Distribution method: shareware (30-day trial version of Photoshop CS package available only after registration - http://download.adobe.com/pub/adobe/magic/photoshop/win/7.x/Adobe_Photoshop_CS_Tryout.zip)

Price: Photoshop CS Bundle with ImageReady CS - $649

Work under control: Windows 2000 with Service Pack 3 or Windows XP and Mac OS X versions 10.2.4 to 10.2.7 and Java Runtime Environment 1.4.1

ImageReady CS is part of Adobe's popular Photoshop CS package and is designed to develop various Web elements, including animated gifs, which, given its full compatibility with Photoshop, makes it an excellent tool for web design, but, of course, only if the user has a good knowledge of the features of working in Photoshop and ImageReady, since both programs are much more complicated than all the others discussed in the article and are designed for professionals. Photoshop and ImageReady work in close cooperation and complement each other perfectly, and the edited file can be easily moved between programs during editing with its automatic saving. It is possible to export the created animated gif-files to the Macromedia Flash (SWF) format.

Animated gifs can be created based on multi-layer Adobe files Photoshop and Adobe Illustrator, and from individual images saved in various graphic formats. When creating an animation based on a series of images for editing frames, it is not necessary to load each image separately - you can use the possibility of importing from a folder in which individual frames of the future animation were previously saved. It is possible to automatically generate the required number of intermediate frames, which significantly speeds up the production of smooth animations, since there is no need to manually create each frame. In the program window, you can immediately view the result and, if necessary, make the required changes.

ImageReady has a large gallery of filters similar to many well-known Photoshop filters. Therefore, to add this or that effect to the frame, you do not always need to switch to Photoshop - many actions are available from the ImageReady environment.

Batch data processing based on the so-called droplets - this name is obtained by adding two words: drop (part of the combination of drag-and-drop - dragging with the mouse) and applet (applet, a small program) - allows you to automate the creation of identical animation elements, and automatic generation of HTML - code significantly speeds up the process of inserting ready-made animations into a web page.

Developer: Jasc Software, Inc., now part of Corel Corporation

Distribution size: 11 MB

Distribution method: ftp://ftp.jasc.com/pub/en/ani311en.exe)

Price:$95 as part of Paint Shop Pro 9.0; separately - $ 39.

Work under control: Windows 95/98/Me/NT/2000/XP

Jasc Animation Shop 3.11 is included in the distribution of Paint Shop Pro 9, but can be used standalone for gif-animations (animated buttons, banners, etc.) based on images created in any graphics package.

The program has a user-friendly interface, a simple and convenient frame editing mode with the ability to rotate, mirror and crop, has a large set of tools: brushes, shapes, erasing and cropping tools, text tools, etc. All this combined with the ability to work with step-by-step wizards allows you to quickly create gif-animations even for non-professionals. At the same time, Animation Shop has a large set of professional effects and filters (especially for working with text) that you can use when creating animation. The program supports efficient and convenient optimization methods that allow you to quickly find optimal solution based on the image quality, image size and download speed data displayed in its window, and can significantly reduce the size of the live image.

Full compatibility of Animation Shop with Paint Shop Pro allows you to repeatedly switch between these packages and edit image frames in Paint Shop Pro already at the animation stage, which automatically ensures that the corresponding frames are changed in Animation Shop without the need for save / load commands. In addition, you can export layers to frames and vice versa - animation to a layered image.

Automatic generation of HTML code significantly speeds up the process of inserting ready-made animations into a web page, and flexible support for graphic formats allows you to save the result not only in GIF format, but also in AVI, FLC / FLI, ANI formats or in the native format of the MNG program.

Specialized packages for creating animated gifs

Developer: Selteco Software

Distribution size: 1.2 MB

Distribution method: shareware (30 day demo - http://selteco.hostingmedia.org/bsga.exe)

Price:$39

Work under control: Windows 95/98/Me/NT/2000/XP

Bannershop GIF Animator is a handy visual tool for creating professional GIF animations (animated buttons, logos and banners) and requires a minimum of technical skills from the user. The user-friendly interface of the program, as well as the presence of a convenient animation wizard, which is easy to use if desired, further simplifies the task. In addition, for beginners, the package includes a beautifully designed tutorial that will introduce them to all the steps in creating animated gifs.

At the same time, despite its apparent simplicity, the program has a huge arsenal of possibilities. The built-in editor allows you to edit frames directly in the program, and a variety of elements can be used as the basis for the created live objects: ready-made drawings in GIF, JPEG, BMP and WMF formats, shapes, text, etc. The frame wizard helps to execute them various transformations(including applying animation effects: apply a shadow, glow, 3D filters, etc.), and the built-in browser displays the created animation instantly and extremely accurately. Automatic generation of HTML code allows you to quickly insert the code into the desired web page.

It should be noted that latest versions programs can work with vector graphics created, for example, in CorelDRAW or Adobe Illustrator, which will be automatically rasterized directly in Bannershop GIF Animator before animation is created. This is a new word in gif-animation, since the original vector drawings have a smaller volume compared to similar ones created initially in a raster format. Thanks to this, it became possible to receive animated gifs of a smaller size, which is very important for web graphics.

In addition, Bannershop GIF Animator uses powerful animation optimization techniques to significantly reduce the size of the generated file. At the same time, a step-by-step optimization wizard will help not only professionals, but also novice users to achieve good results by guiding them through all stages of optimization and providing an instant preview of optimized animations, so users can choose the best solution for combining image quality and file size.

Developer: CyD Software Labs

Distribution size: 3.23 MB

Distribution method: shareware (20 day demo - http://www.cydsoft.com/File/GiFStud.exe)

Price:$19

Work under control: Windows 95/98/Me/NT/2000/XP/2003

While little known Russian users CyD GIF Studio Pro is a well-deserved popularity all over the world and is a professional tool for gif-animation. It is designed to quickly create animated banners, buttons and logos. The animated elements obtained with it can contain 3D text and simple 3D shapes generated directly in the GIF Studio Pro environment. The ability to quickly get 3D animated gifs without resorting to serious programs 3D graphics worth noting as one of the important advantages of GIF Studio Pro.

Animated elements can be created from pre-made images in GIF, BMP, JPEG, AVI, MOV, PIC, TRGA, TIFF, PCD and even layered PSD files, as well as using special tools to create 3D text and simple 3D shapes. . For each type of animated element, there is a specific set of settings that allow you to get the result in a matter of minutes. All frames of the created animated gif, or only some of them, can be exported as separate graphic files for further use.

The program has a large number of effects that can be applied to specific frames. What's more, it's easy to create an animation even from a single frame by setting the appropriate drawing effect for it, reminiscent of the classic animation effects that are commonly used in presentation programs. The number of proposed effects is quite large.

At the same time, it is worth noting the GIF Studio Pro interface, which is somewhat unusual for programs of this class, and rather complex, consisting of a large number of different panels and menus with various buttons. You will have to spend some time to navigate it, but this is more than redeemed by the capabilities provided by the program, combined with a symbolic price, especially since the user is provided with a whole series of wizards, including the wizard for importing frames, applying effects, creating 3D objects, creating banners, and optimizing etc.

Developer: CoffeeCup Software, Inc.

Distribution size: 1.81 MB

Distribution method: shareware (demo version - http://mercedes.coffeecup.com/CoffeeAnimator62.exe)

Price:$34

Work under control: Windows 95/98/Me/NT/2000/XP

CoffeeCup GIF Animator is a well-received website gif animation program with a simple and user-friendly interface. It allows you to solve many tasks with the help of step-by-step wizards, which greatly simplifies the process of creating live graphics for novice users, and at the same time has a wide range of features that will be useful for professionals, primarily due to some functions that speed up the animation development process. In particular, automatic creation HTML-code allows you to quickly insert the created animation into any web page, and the floating preview window makes it possible to instantly evaluate its quality. The created animation can be saved both in Animation GIF format and as a Flash animation in SWF format.

The list of program features includes simple and convenient editing of both existing and created animated gifs: using transparent backgrounds, determining the delay time for each frame, conveniently changing any parameters of the selected frame, etc.

Developer: Image Tools Group

Distribution size: 1.7 MB

Distribution method: shareware (the demo version has no time limits, however, in unregistered copies of AGIF, gif-files are saved with the additional text "AGif - UNREGISTERED" in the upper left corner in each frame - http://www.imagetools.ru/products/agif/agif- rus.zip)

Price: license for personal use - 220 rubles, license for commercial use - 900 rubles.

Work under control: Windows 95/98/Me/NT/2000/XP

The program is a convenient and simple tool for creating gif-animations from a set of BMP, JPEG, ICO, PCX, PNG, TGA, Adobe Photoshop PSD files and Windows metafiles and has a Russian interface.

Understanding how it works will not be difficult even for a beginner, and at the same time, despite its apparent simplicity, the program has quite rich features for editing and creating animated gif files, including animated 3D buttons. Thanks to the built-in graphic editor Active GIF Creator allows you to edit animation frames: duplicate and merge frames, cut out individual fragments from them, resize, rotate and move individual frames, etc., provides the ability to import frames from other gif files and the clipboard.

The program allows you to apply a set of effects for any frame and for any of its selected rectangular fragments, add and remove text comments, edit color palettes, etc. Among its features is a convenient optimization of the size of the created animated gif, indicating the size of the resulting gif-file and time download it at different modem speeds.

Developer: P.Y. Software

Program website: http://www.activewebcam.com/

Distribution size: 3.8 MB

Distribution method: shareware (30 day demo - http://www.activewebcam.com/Downloads/Stp2Dn3DAnim.exe)

Price:$49

Work under control: Windows 95/98/Me/NT/2000/XP

2D&3D Animator is designed to create animated 2D and 3D images, titles, banners and buttons in Animation GIF format. To do this, the program has a set of ready-made templates, images from which you can use directly or convert them at your discretion, after inserting them into the desired animation frame. Any frame can be overlaid with one or more special effects that resemble some of Photoshop's filters.

The program provides the ability to effectively optimize the result (which is more than relevant for animated 3D graphics), supports advanced import of images from various graphic formats and export to AVI, JPEG, ICO, PNG or BMP formats. True, this is not always convenient - when exporting to non-animated formats, only the selected frame is saved as an image.

Distribution size: 1.29 MB

Distribution method: shareware (15 day demo - http://downloads.xara.com/downloads/software/xara3d5n.exe)

Price:$44.99

Work under control: Windows 95/98/Me/NT/2000/XP

Unlike most programs for working with three-dimensional graphics, Xara3D has a simple and friendly interface and a minimum number of settings, so even a beginner can easily and quickly figure it out. And although the program is primarily intended for creating voluminous text and buttons, it is also great for receiving animations in Animated GIF and AVI formats. Therefore, it is successfully used by web designers mainly to create professional three-dimensional text logos.

The program's arsenal includes a large set of fonts and textures for designing created objects. It provides full control over the created text, including its position, alignment, leading, kerning, etc., efficient and flexible management of color and structure of a three-dimensional image. You can also make images matte or shiny, apply a soft framing shadow, and so on. The choice of animation effects is quite wide: objects can rotate, gradually appear, pulsate, advance, swing or disappear. You can also import animation features from one file and apply them to another. Simple animation controls allow you to set any time limits, for example, add pauses of different times, or set your own animation characteristics for each object.

The program supports the import of two-dimensional graphic files in WMF, EMF, GIF and PNG formats, and the animation results can be saved not only in Animation GIF format, but also in AVI or SWF formats if desired.

GIF term ( Graphics Interchange Format) was introduced in the late 80s by one of the leading American companies called CompuServe, which was later bought by AOL.

Why use a GIF image?

GIF editor can express everything from emotions to commercial and marketing ideas. GIFs catch the eye of potential customers as they browse the site.

You can express your style with a GIF. It can also be used to create a brand for a company, service or product. There are many resources available on the Internet to help you create a GIF.

Top 10 Best GIF Maker Tools

First, we list the best software products.

The first program on the list is Wondershare Filmora. She is considered one of the best programs to create videos and GIFs. It is easy to use and provides many features and more than 100 visual effects. As well as full control over audio and video settings.

• Easy to use;
• Allows you to create GIFs from static images;
• Allows you to create GIFs from videos of any format, such as AVI, MPEG, WAV, DAT, EVO, MKV, MP4, WMV, etc.;
• Allows you to edit GIFs with commands such as cropping, combining, rotating, speeding up, slowing down, color correction;
• Allows you to edit GIF with amazing effects, text and subtitles.

2. Photoscape

With Photoscape, you can create many cool effects in your videos. The GIF editor includes the following tools and features:

• Editor;
• View;
• Animated GIFs;
• Color selection;
• cropping;
• Filters.

Pros: easy to use.
Cons: a little slow.

3. Gifted Motion

Uses Java and can work in all operating systems. Installation is not required.

• Allows you to edit images;
• Supports PNG , JPEG , BMP , GIF ;
• No license required.

The files are compatible with all editions of Windows including 32 and 64 bit versions. It is one of the few programs developed using green information technologies ( Green Software) .

Create movies, slideshows, animated GIFs and more.

Pros: consumes little device power, easy to use.
Cons: Incomplete control over the editing process.

Online services for creating GIFs

There are a large number of online services that allow you to create GIF images. One of the problems of such resources is privacy and a watermark. Therefore, before uploading images, pay attention to the terms of service.

5. Picasion

Picasion allows you to import photos or videos from Picasa, Flickr or any other gallery. This service is available in several languages, including English, Spanish, Portuguese and Russian. You can adjust the size of images, create and add your own avatar.

Pros: Easy to use free GIF editor, supports many formats.
Cons: Shows a lot of ads.

6. GifPal

An easy-to-use GIF maker.

• Frame rate adjustment.
• Timeline editing.
• 30 effects.
• Up to 20 frames.
• No watermarks on photos.

Pros: Free tool with useful effects.
Cons: You need internet access to use the animated GIF editor.

7. Gickr

Gickr makes it easy to create your own GIF images by uploading them from your image gallery or from your Flicker, YouTube, Picasa account. The service provides safe browsing, and it is effective.

Pros: free.
Cons: Internet access required.

8.MakeAGif

Create your own GIFs and enjoy fantastic features in a secure environment.

Pros: Easy to use and free.
Cons: Not intended for children, may contain adult content.

9. Gimp

A free service that allows you to edit images and create GIFs.

Pros: Available online and free.
Cons: Not as efficient as some other programs.

10.UnFREEz

A wonderful program that allows you to create creative GIFs. It has no complex user interface, and it's not as versatile as some of the more powerful programs.